نظام التأهيل الوظيفي للكتاب المهني والعمل

وسيط فوركس بولسكا.
هرب خيارات الأسهم.
نظام التأهيل الوظيفي للكتاب المهني والعمل.
استخدام هذه المعلومات لاستكشاف المهن التي تهمك وتحديد كتيب المؤهلات لجميع درجات الأجور داخل كل سلسلة الوظائف. كما تساعد معايير التأهيل الموظفين الفيدراليين على استكشاف الفرص لتحقيق أهدافهم المهنية على المدى القصير والطويل. وترتبط معايير التأهل في الجدول الزمني والأجور مباشرة إلى موقع مكتب إدارة الموارد البشرية على شبكة الإنترنت لإدارة شؤون الموظفين للحصول على أحدث المعلومات المتاحة. يتم تصنيف مئات المهن تحت معايير المجموعة. يتم إدراج معايير المجموعات لكل مجموعة مهنية رئيسية إذا كان ذلك ممكنا. استخدام العمل الجدول التالي لمثل مباشرة إلى نظام النشر المنشور الرسمي أوب. إذا كنت تبحث عن معيار غس على سبيل المثال، انقر أولا على القائمة وهذا الجدول. سيتم ربطك مباشرة إلى قائمة الوظائف بأكملها أن ومعيار غس. إذا لم يتم تضمين المهنة في هذه القائمة، لم نصدر معيار تصنيف محدد لتلك السلسلة. توفر الوثائق على صفحة ويب تصنيف مواقع ذوي الياقات البيضاء تصنيفات وتوجيهات سلسلة حول تصنيف المواقف في سلسلة مع عدم وجود معيار منشور. استخدم الجدول التالي لربط مباشرة مع المعايير الرسمية المنشورة من قبل أوب. إذا كنت تبحث عن المعيار ل وغ الإلكترونية الإلكترونية ميكانيكي العمل على سبيل المثال، انقر أولا على القائمة على هذا الجدول. سيتم ربط المؤهل مباشرة إلى قائمة الأسرة بأكملها التي تشمل معيار وغ. إذا لم يتم تضمين سلسلة في هذه القائمة، لم يتم إصدار معيار تصنيف الوظائف المحدد للنظام لتلك السلسلة. وثائق على تصنيف المهن والحرف، ومواقف العمل صفحة ويب توفر تعريفات سلسلة والتوجيهات بشأن الوظائف المهنية في سلسلة مع عدم وجود معيار المنشورة. نقوم بنشر المقالات المقالات على جميع مواقعنا وسائل الاعلام الاجتماعية. مساعدة الصيادين الباحثين عن عمل في الحصول على وظائف حكومية وتقديم طلبات للحصول عليها. أوردر أونلين متاح أيضا في المكتبات. البحث الملايين من الوظائف ما المسمى الوظيفي، الكلمات الرئيسية أو الشركة أين المدينة أو الولاية أو للوظائف. كويك هاندبوك الصفحة الرئيسية الوظائف الخدمات سير الذاتية اتصل بنا عن الخصوصية أعلن خريطة الموقع ليت's ترادس سوسيال! مؤهل الاتصال بوخافن بريس ليك البريد الإلكتروني: معدات الاتصالات السلكية واللاسلكية مجموعة العمل والصيانة. الصور المتحركة، راديو، التلفزيون، ومعدات الصوت مجموعة التشغيل.
رواتب عالية، وظائف عالية النمو.
4 أفكار على & لدكو؛ نظام التأهيل الوظيفي للحرف والعمل كتيب المهني & رديقو؛
وثانيا، ماذا نقول عن المنطق الاستدلالي على ما يبدو.
ومع ذلك فإنني أوافق على أن مصطلح المرض هو أكثر فائدة لتوفير تأثير على وسائل الإعلام للجمهور.
يتم وضع هذه الرواية في شريط أمستردام اسمه مكسيكو سيتي، ورواه جان بابتيست كلامنس.
ما هي التفاصيل المحددة المحددة التي يمكنك تذكرها عن الأشخاص في القصة.

معايير التأهيل الاتحادية.
أوردر أونلين.
تحديث الصفحة 10/12/2017.
الحكومة الاتحادية وظائف / وظائف الخدمة المدنية / معايير التأهيل.
استخدام هذه المعلومات لاستكشاف المهن ذات الاهتمام وتحديد المؤهلات اللازمة لجميع درجات الدفع داخل كل سلسلة الوظائف. كما تساعد معايير التأهيل الموظفين الفيدراليين على استكشاف الفرص لتحقيق أهدافهم المهنية على المدى القصير والطويل.
وترتبط المعايير العامة لجدول المواعيد والأجور مباشرة بمكتب إدارة شؤون الموظفين على شبكة الإنترنت للاطلاع على أحدث المعلومات المتاحة. يتم تصنيف مئات المهن تحت معايير المجموعة. يتم إدراج معايير المجموعات لكل مجموعة مهنية رئيسية إذا كان ذلك ممكنا. على سبيل المثال، سوف تجد معايير المجموعة للمناصب الهندسية، الإدارية & أمب؛ والإدارة، وجميع المهن الأخرى هنا.
قائمة معايير التصنيف.
الجدول العام (غس) المجموعة المهنية.
استخدم الجدول التالي لمثل مباشرة إلى المعايير الرسمية المنشورة من قبل أوب. إذا كنت تبحث عن المعيار ل غس-343 على سبيل المثال، انقر أولا على قائمة 0300 على هذا الجدول. سيتم ربطك مباشرة بقائمة عائلة 0300 بأكملها التي تتضمن معيار غس-0343.
إذا لم يتم تضمين سلسلة في هذه القائمة، ونحن لم تصدر معيار تصنيف معين لتلك السلسلة. توفر الوثائق على صفحة ويب تصنيف مواقع ذوي الياقات البيضاء تصنيفات وتوجيهات سلسلة حول تصنيف المواقف في سلسلة مع عدم وجود معيار منشور.
مجموعة المهن المتنوعة.
والعلوم الاجتماعية، وعلم النفس، ومجموعة الرعاية الاجتماعية.
مجموعة إدارة الموارد البشرية.
مجموعة الخدمات الإدارية والكتبية والمكتبية العامة.
إدارة الموارد الطبيعية ومجموعة العلوم البيولوجية.
مجموعة المحاسبة والميزانية.
الطبية، مستشفى، طب الأسنان، ومجموعة الصحة العامة.
مجموعة العلوم الطبية البيطرية.
الهندسة والهندسة المعمارية المجموعة.
المجموعة القانونية والمصنفة.
مجموعة المعلومات والفنون.
مجموعة الأعمال والصناعة.
حقوق الطبع والنشر، والبراءات، ومجموعة العلامات التجارية.
مجموعة العلوم الفيزيائية.
مجموعة المكتبات والمحفوظات.
مجموعة الرياضيات والإحصاء.
المعدات، والمرافق، ومجموعة الخدمات.
والتفتيش، والتحقيق، وإنفاذ، والامتثال المجموعة.
ضمان الجودة، التفتيش، ودرجات المجموعة.
مجموعة تقنية المعلومات.
معايير تصنيف الأجور (وغ).
استخدم الجدول التالي لربط مباشرة مع المعايير الرسمية المنشورة من قبل أوب. إذا كنت تبحث عن معيار ل وغ-2606 الإلكترونية الضوابط الصناعية ميكانيكي على سبيل المثال، انقر أولا على قائمة 2600 على هذا الجدول. سيتم ربطك مباشرة إلى قائمة العائلة 2600 بأكملها التي تشمل معيار وغ-2606.
إذا لم يتم تضمين سلسلة في هذه القائمة، لم يتم إصدار معيار تصنيف الوظائف المحددة لتلك السلسلة. وثائق على تصنيف المهن والحرف، ومواقع العمل صفحة ويب توفر تعريفات سلسلة والتوجيهات بشأن تصنيف الوظائف في سلسلة مع عدم وجود معيار المنشورة.
مجموعة تركيب وتركيب معدات الاتصالات السلكية.
مجموعة تركيب وصيانة المعدات الإلكترونية.
مجموعة التركيب والصيانة الكهربائية.
النسيج والجلود مجموعة العمل.
مجموعة عمل الصك.
أداة عمل مجموعة العمل.
الخدمات العامة وفريق عمل الدعم.
مجموعة العمل الإنشائي والتشطيب.
مجموعة معالجة المعادن.
مجموعة عمل المعادن.
الصور المتحركة، راديو، التلفزيون، ومعدات الصوت مجموعة التشغيل.
اللوحة و بابيرهانجينغ المجموعة.
السباكة و بيبيفيتينغ المجموعة.
مجموعة عمل مواد مرنة.
مجموعة عمل الخشب.
مجموعة عمل الصيانة والعمليات العامة.
مجموعة صيانة المعدات العامة.
مجموعة العمل النباتية والحيوانية.
مجموعة المهن المتنوعة.
مجموعة صيانة المعدات الصناعية.
المعدات الصناعية عملية المجموعة.
نقل / معدات متحركة أوبيراتيون غروب.
النقل / معدات صيانة المجموعة.
الذخيرة والمتفجرات والمواد السامة مجموعة العمل.
مجموعة عمل التسلح.
مجموعة المخازن والمخازن.
التعبئة والتجهيز المجموعة.
الغسيل، التنظيف الجاف، ومجموعة الضغط.
إعداد الطعام وخدمة المجموعة.
مجموعة الخدمات الشخصية.
مجموعة صيانة أنظمة السوائل.
مجموعة إصلاح المحرك.
مجموعة إصلاح الطائرات.
روابط سريعة.
السماح بالحصول على اشتراك اجتماعي!
تابعونا على تويتر، جوجل +، أو تصبح لدينا الفيسبوك صديق. ننشر المواد ذات الصلة على جميع مواقعنا وسائل الاعلام الاجتماعية.
ابقى على تواصل!
كوبيرايت 2018. بوكهافن بريس ليك. كل الحقوق محفوظة.

المهن العسكرية.
ماذا يفعلون حول هذا القسم.
ويحتفظ اعضاء الخدمة العسكرية الامريكية بالدفاع الوطنى الامريكى. وعلى الرغم من أن بعض أعضاء الخدمة يعملون في مهن خاصة بالجيش، مثل الطيارين المقاتلين أو المشاة، فإن العديد من الأعمال في مهن موجودة أيضا في أماكن العمل المدنية، مثل الممرضين والأطباء والمحامين. يخدم الأعضاء في "سلاح الجو" أو "سلاح الجو" أو "سلاح البحرية" أو "حرس السواحل" أو في مكونات الاحتياطي في هذه الفروع، وفي منطقة & # 160؛ ؛ الحرس الوطني للحرس الوطني & # 160؛ & # 160؛ الجيش الحرس الوطني. (خفر السواحل، الذي يتم تضمينه في هذا الملف، هو جزء من وزارة الأمن الداخلي.)
الجيش يميز بين المجندين ومسؤول وظائف. ويشكل الموظفون المجندون نحو 82 في المائة من القوات المسلحة ويضطلعون بعمليات عسكرية. أما نسبة ال 18 في المائة المتبقية فهي الضباط العسكريون الذين يديرون العمليات والموظفين المجندين. وحوالي 8 في المائة من الضباط هم ضباط ضمان، وهم خبراء تقنيون وتكتيكيون في منطقة محددة. على سبيل المثال، يشكل الطيارون في الجيش مجموعة واحدة من ضباط التوقيف.
الموظفون المجندون & # 160؛ عادة ما يقومون بما يلي:
المشاركة في العمليات العسكرية أو دعمها، مثل العمليات القتالية أو التدريبية، أو الإغاثة الإنسانية أو الإغاثة في حالات الكوارث تشغيل وصيانة وإصلاح المعدات أداء الأنشطة الفنية والدعم الإشراف على الموظفين المجندين المبتدئين.
تخطيط وتنظيم وقيادة القوات والأنشطة في العمليات العسكرية إدارة الموظفين المجندين تشغيل وقيادة الطائرات والسفن والمركبات المدرعة توفير الخدمات الطبية والقانونية والهندسية، وغيرها من الخدمات للأفراد العسكريين.
أنواع الموظفين المجندين.
وفيما يلي أمثلة على أنواع المهن للموظفين المجندين:
الموظفين الإداريين & # 160؛ الحفاظ على المعلومات عن الموظفين والمعدات والصناديق، والأنشطة الأخرى ذات الصلة العسكرية. وهي تعمل في مجالات الدعم، مثل الشؤون المالية والمحاسبة والشؤون القانونية والصيانة والإمداد والنقل.
أفراد متخصصون في مكافحة القتال & # 160؛ تدريب والعمل في وحدات قتالية، مثل المشاة والمدفعية، أو القوات الخاصة. فعلى سبيل المثال، يقوم أخصائيو المشاة بعمليات قتالية أرضية، ويقوم المتخصصون في المركبات المدرعة بتشغيل الدبابات المعركة، ويحتفظ المتخصصون في الملاحة البحرية بالسفن. وقد يقوم أفراد متخصصون في القتال بمناورة ضد قوات العدو والمدفعية النارية أو البنادق أو مدافع الهاون أو الصواريخ لتحييدها. كما أنها قد تعمل أنواع مختلفة من المركبات القتالية، مثل المركبات الهجومية البرمائية، والدبابات، أو القوارب الصغيرة. يتم تدريب أعضاء من فرق القوات الخاصة النخبة لأداء البعثات المتخصصة في أي مكان في العالم على إشعارЂЂ ™ ق.
موظفي البناء & # 160؛ بناء أو إصلاح المباني والمطارات والجسور، وغيرها من الهياكل. كما يمكنها تشغيل معدات ثقيلة مثل الجرافات أو الرافعات. وهم يعملون مع المهندسين وغيرهم من المتخصصين في البناء كجزء من فرق البناء العسكرية. بعض موظفي البناء متخصصون في منطقة مثل السباكة، الأسلاك الكهربائية، أو تنقية المياه.
معدات إصلاح المعدات الإلكترونية والكهربائية & # 160؛ صيانة وإصلاح المعدات الإلكترونية المستخدمة من قبل الجيش. المصلحون متخصصون في مجال مثل أنظمة الطائرات الكهربائية، وأجهزة الكمبيوتر، والمعدات البصرية، والاتصالات، أو أنظمة الأسلحة. فعلى سبيل المثال، يقوم فنيو الصيانة الإلكترونية للأسلحة بحفظ وإصلاح المكونات والنظم الإلكترونية التي تساعد على تحديد الأهداف وتساعد على استهداف الأسلحة وإطلاقها.
يقوم فريق الهندسة والعلوم والفنيين بتنفيذ مجموعة متنوعة من المهام، مثل تشغيل المعدات التقنية وحل المشكلات وجمع المعلومات وتفسيرها. وهم يؤدون مهام تقنية في مجال تكنولوجيا المعلومات، والصحة والسلامة البيئية، أو الاستخبارات:
ويقوم أخصائيو الصحة والسلامة البيئية بتفتيش المنشآت العسكرية والإمدادات الغذائية للتأكد من أنها آمنة للاستخدام والاستهلاك. ويقوم متخصصو تكنولوجيا المعلومات بإدارة وصيانة أنظمة الكمبيوتر والشبكات. ويقوم اختصاصيو الاستخبارات بجمع المعلومات وإعداد التقارير للتخطيط والعمليات العسكرية.
موظفو الرعاية الصحية & # 160؛ تقديم الخدمات الطبية للأفراد العسكريين وأفراد أسرهم. ويمكن أن يعملوا كجزء من فريق خدمة المرضى مع الأطباء والممرضات، أو غيرهم من المتخصصين في الرعاية الصحية. بعض متخصصون في توفير العلاج الطبي في حالات الطوارئ في القتال أو المناطق النائية. آخرون متخصصون في اختبار المختبر من عينات الأنسجة والدم. الحفاظ على لوازم الصيدلة أو سجلات المرضى Ђ ™؛ المساعدة في إجراءات طب الأسنان؛ تشغيل أدوات التشخيص، مثل الأشعة السينية وأجهزة الموجات فوق الصوتية. أو مهام الرعاية الصحية الأخرى.
موظفو تنمية الموارد البشرية & # 160؛ توظيف أشخاص مؤهلين في الجيش، ووضعها في المهن المناسبة، وتوفير برامج التدريب: & # 160؛
ويحتفظ أخصائيو شؤون الموظفين بمعلومات عن الأفراد العسكريين وتدريبهم ووظائفهم وترقياتهم وصحتهم. ويقدم أخصائيو التوظيف معلومات عن المهن العسكرية؛ شرح الأجور، والفوائد، والحياة العسكرية؛ وتجنيد الأفراد إلى الجيش. تدريب المتخصصين والمعلمين تعليم الأفراد العسكريين كيفية أداء وظائفهم.
مشغل الماكينة وإصلاح العاملين & # 160؛ تشغيل المعدات الصناعية والآلات لجعل وإصلاح أجزاء لمجموعة متنوعة من المعدات والهياكل. وقد تقوم بتشغيل محركات أو مفاعلات نووية أو مضخات مياه تقوم عادة بعمل معين. على سبيل المثال، يعمل عمال اللحام وعمال المعادن مع أنواع مختلفة من المعادن لإصلاح أو تشكيل الأجزاء الهيكلية للسفن أو المباني أو المعدات. ويقوم أخصائيو معدات البقاء على قيد الحياة بتفتيش وصيانة وإصلاح معدات النجاة، مثل المظلات ومعدات دعم الحياة للطائرات.
الإعلام والعاملين في الشؤون العامة & # 160؛ إعداد وتقديم معلومات عن الأنشطة العسكرية للجيش والجمهور. وهم يأخذون صورا فوتوغرافية، ويصنعون برامج فيديو، ويقدمون برامج إخبارية وموسيقية، أو يجريون مقابلات.
موظفي الخدمة الوقائية؛ إنفاذ القوانين والأنظمة العسكرية وتوفير الاستجابات الطارئة للكوارث:
رجال الاطفاء & # 160؛ منع وإطفاء الحرائق في المباني، على متن الطائرات، وعلى متن السفن. وتشمل مسؤوليات الشرطة مراقبة حركة المرور ومنع الجريمة والاستجابة لحالات الطوارئ. ويقوم متخصصون آخرون في إنفاذ القانون والأمن بالتحقيق في الجرائم المرتكبة في الممتلكات العسكرية ونزلاء الحراسة في المرافق الإصلاحية العسكرية.
دعم موظفي الخدمة & # 160؛ تقديم الخدمات التي تدعم معنويات ورفاه الأفراد العسكريين وأسرهم:
ويقوم أخصائيو الخدمات الغذائية بإعداد الطعام في قاعات الطعام والمستشفيات والسفن. ويقوم أخصائيو البرامج الدينية بمساعدة القساوسة في الخدمات الدينية وبرامج التعليم الديني والواجبات الإدارية ذات الصلة.
النقل والموظفون والموظفون والموظفون في مجال النقل والمواصلات. ويصنف معظم العاملين في هذه الفئة المهنية وفقا لطريقة النقل، مثل الطائرات أو المركبات أو السفن:
ويقوم أفراد الأطقم الجوية بتشغيل المعدات على متن الطائرات. ويقوم المتخصصون في الشحن بتحميل وتفريغ اللوازم العسكرية، باستخدام الرافعات الشوكية والرافعات. يقوم رواد السفن ومشغلي القوارب بنقل وتجريب أنواع كثيرة من الزوارق الصغيرة، بما في ذلك زوارق القوارب والزوارق الحربية والبوارج. ويقوم سائقو المركبات بتشغيل مركبات عسكرية مختلفة، بما في ذلك شاحنات الوقود أو خزانات المياه.
المركبات والآلات الميكانيكية الموظفين & # 160؛ إجراء الصيانة الوقائية والتصحيحية على الطائرات والسيارات والمعدات الثقيلة، ومعدات محطة قوة. ويتخصص هؤلاء العمال حسب نوع المعدات التي يحتفظون بها:
ميكانيكا الطائرات تفتيش وخدمة أنواع مختلفة من الطائرات. السيارات والميكانيكا المعدات الثقيلة صيانة وإصلاح المركبات، مثل همفيس والشاحنات والدبابات وغيرها من المركبات القتالية. وتقوم أيضا بإصلاح الجرافات ومعدات البناء الأخرى. الميكانيكا التدفئة والتبريد تركيب وإصلاح تكييف الهواء والتبريد، ومعدات التدفئة. وتقوم ميكانيكا المحركات البحرية بإصلاح وصيانة المحركات على متن السفن والقوارب وغيرها من الزوارق المائية. تقوم ميكانيكا القوى بتركيب وصيانة وإصلاح المعدات الكهربائية والميكانيكية في محطات توليد الطاقة.
مجموع الموظفين المدرجين في كل مجموعة مهنية.
إصلاح المعدات الكهربائية والكهربائية & # 160؛
الهندسة، العلوم، والتقنية & # 160؛
تنمية الموارد البشرية & # 160؛
مشغل الآلة والإنتاج & # 160؛
الإعلام والشؤون العامة & # 160؛
النقل ومناولة المواد & # 160؛
المركبات والآلات الميكانيكي & # 160؛
موظفون غير مشغولين أو غير محددين.
مجموع الموظفين المجندين لكل فرع عسكري وخفر السواحل.
المصدر: وزارة الدفاع الأمريكية، مركز بيانات القوى العاملة الدفاعية.
أنواع الضباط.
وفيما يلي أمثلة على أنواع الضباط:
الضباط المتخصصين في مكافحة القتال & # 160؛ خطة والعمليات العسكرية المباشرة، والإشراف على الأنشطة القتالية، وتكون بمثابة قادة القتالية. وقد يكونون مسؤولين عن الدبابات والمركبات الهجومية المدرعة الأخرى، وأنظمة المدفعية، والعمليات الخاصة، أو وحدات المشاة. وتشمل هذه المجموعة أيضا ضباط الحرب البحرية والحواجز البحرية، والطيارين القتاليين، وأطقم الطائرات.
تعتمد مسؤوليات الهندسة والعلوم والتقنية والمسئوليات على مجال خبرتهم. وهم يعملون في المهن العلمية والمهنية، مثل & # 160؛ علماء الغلاف الجوي، & # 160؛ علماء الأرصاد الجوية، علماء الفيزياء، علماء البيولوجيا، علماء الاجتماع، & # 160؛ المحامين، وأنواع أخرى من العلماء أو المهنيين. على سبيل المثال، قد يدرس خبراء الأرصاد الجوية في الجيش الطقس للمساعدة في تخطيط مسارات الطيران للطائرات.
• الموظفون الإداريون والإداريون والإداريون؛ • إدارة الوظائف الإدارية في القوات المسلحة، مثل إدارة الموارد البشرية أو التدريب أو الموظفين أو المعلومات أو الشرطة أو غيرها من خدمات الدعم. ويشمل هذا التصنيف الضباط الذين يشرفون على العصابات العسكرية.
موظفو الرعاية الصحية & # 160؛ تقديم الخدمات الطبية للأفراد العسكريين من أجل الحفاظ على أو تحسين صحتهم والاستعداد المادي. ويقوم ضباط مثل الأطباء ومساعدي الأطباء والممرضات وأطباء الأسنان بفحص وتشخيص وعلاج المرضى. ويوفر موظفو الرعاية الصحية الآخرون العلاج والعلاج التأهيلي والرعاية الصحية الإضافية للمرضى:
أطباء الأسنان & # 160؛ علاج الأمراض والاضطرابات، والإصابات في الفم. الممرضات & # 160؛ تقديم وتنسيق رعاية المرضى في المستشفيات والعيادات العسكرية. أوبتوميتريستس & # 160؛ علاج مشاكل الرؤية ووصف النظارات، العدسات اللاصقة، أو الأدوية. الصيادلة & # 160؛ شراء وتخزين، واستبدال الأدوية والأدوية. المعالجين الفيزيائيين & # 160؛ & # 160؛ العلاج المهني & # 160؛ خطة وإدارة العلاج لمساعدة المرضى على التكيف مع الإصابات، واستعادة الاستقلال، والعودة إلى العمل. الأطباء، و الجراحين، و & # 160؛ ومساعدي الأطباء & # 160؛ فحص المرضى، وتشخيص الإصابات والأمراض، وتوفير العلاج للجيش وأسرهم. علماء النفس & # 160؛ توفير الرعاية الصحية النفسية وأيضا قد إجراء البحوث على السلوك والعواطف.
موظفو تنمية الموارد البشرية؛ إدارة برامج التوظيف والتنسيب والتدريب في الجيش:
ويقوم مديرو شؤون الموظفين بالإشراف على مهام الأفراد العسكريين والإشراف عليها، مثل المهام الوظيفية وترقيات الموظفين والمشورة المهنية. توظيف المديرين مباشرة والإشراف على تجنيد الموظفين وأنشطة التجنيد. ويقوم مديرو التدريب والتعليم بتحديد الاحتياجات التدريبية وتطوير البرامج التعليمية وإدارتها.
ويتولى موظفو الإعلام والشؤون العامة الإشراف على تطوير وإنتاج وعرض المعلومات أو الأحداث الخاصة بالجيش والجمهور. وهم يديرون إنتاج أشرطة الفيديو والبرامج التلفزيونية والإذاعية التي تستخدم للتدريب والأخبار والترفيه. بعض الخطط، وتطوير، وتوجيه أنشطة العصابات العسكرية. ويقوم موظفو الشؤون العامة بالرد على الاستفسارات العامة بشأن الأنشطة العسكرية وإعداد النشرات الإخبارية.
ويتولى مسئولو الخدمة الوقائية المسؤولية عن سلامة وحماية الأفراد والممتلكات على القواعد والسفن العسكرية؛ وخطة إدارة شؤون الطوارئ، والاستعداد لجميع أنواع الكوارث. وهي تقوم بتطوير إجراءات الإنذار والإجلاء والاستجابة للتحضير للكوارث. ويتولى ضباط إنفاذ القانون والأمن إنفاذ جميع القوانين السارية على القواعد العسكرية والإشراف على التحقيقات في الجرائم.
مسؤولو خدمات الدعم & # 160؛ إدارة الأنشطة العسكرية في المجالات الوظيفية الرئيسية، مثل الخدمات اللوجستية والنقل والإمداد. ويجوز لهم الإشراف على نقل وتوزيع المواد بواسطة المركبات الأرضية أو الطائرات أو السفن. كما أنها توجه مرافق الخدمات الغذائية وغيرها من أنشطة الدعم. ويقوم مديرو المشتريات والتعاقد بالتفاوض بشأن عقود المعدات والإمدادات والخدمات التي يشتريها الجيش من القطاع الخاص ورصدها.
يقوم موظفو النقل بإدارة وتنفيذ الأنشطة المتعلقة بالنقل الآمن للأفراد العسكريين والمعدات الجوية والجوية والمياه. أنها تعمل وقيادة طائرة أو سفينة:
يستخدم الملاحون الرادار، والراديو، ومعدات الملاحة الأخرى لتحديد موقفهم والتخطيط لطريق السفر. الطيارين & # 160؛ في الجيش يطير أنواع مختلفة من الطائرات العسكرية وطائرات الهليكوبتر لنقل القوات والمعدات. يعمل مهندسو السفن على إدارة الهندسة، بما في ذلك عمليات المحرك، والصيانة، وتوليد الطاقة، على متن السفن.
مجموع موظفي الضباط في كل مجموعة مهنية.
الهندسة، العلوم، والتقنية & # 160؛
التنفيذية، الإدارية، والإدارية & # 160؛
تطوير الموارد البشرية.
الإعلام والشؤون العامة & # 160؛
موظفون غير مشغولين أو غير محددين.
مجموع أفراد الضباط لكل فرع عسكري وخفر السواحل.
المصدر: وزارة الدفاع الأمريكية، مركز بيانات القوى العاملة الدفاعية.
بيئة العمل حول هذا القسم.
في شباط / فبراير 2017، خدم أكثر من 2.1 مليون شخص في القوات المسلحة. & # 160؛ أكثر من 1.3 مليون كانوا في الخدمة الفعلية، بما في ذلك المجاميع الفرعية التالية: & # 160؛
وبالإضافة إلى ذلك، خدم حوالي 810،000 شخص في الاحتياطيات في هذه الفروع وفي الحرس الوطني الجوي والحرس الوطني للجيش. في شباط / فبراير 2017، خدم حوالي 40،795 شخص في خفر السواحل، الذي هو جزء من وزارة الأمن الداخلي.
وتعتمد بيئات العمل المحددة والشروط المتعلقة بالمهن العسكرية على التخصص المهني والوحدة وفرع الخدمة وعوامل أخرى. ويعيش معظم الأفراد العسكريين العاملين في الخدمة العسكرية ويعملون أو بالقرب من القواعد والمرافق العسكرية في جميع أنحاء الولايات المتحدة والعالم. هذه القواعد والمرافق عادة ما توفر السكن والمرافق، مثل المتاجر ومراكز الترفيه.
وينتقل أعضاء الخدمة بانتظام لتدريبهم أو مهامهم الوظيفية، ومعظم فترات الدوران تستغرق من سنتين إلى أربع سنوات. وبعضها منتشر دوليا للدفاع عن المصالح الوطنية للولايات المتحدة.
ويجب أن يكون الأفراد العسكريون ملائمين جسديا وعقليا، وأن يكونوا مستعدين للمشاركة في البعثات القتالية التي قد تكون صعبة وخطيرة، وأن تشمل فترات طويلة بعيدا عن الأسرة. بيد أن بعض الأفراد نادرا ما ينشرون بالقرب من المناطق القتالية.
ويبين الجدول 3 الضباط وضباط التوقيف والمرشحين، حسب الرتبة وفرع الخدمة، الذين خدموا في الخدمة الفعلية في شباط / فبراير 2017.
أفراد الخدمة النشطة (باستثناء خفر السواحل)
الأدميرال الخلفي (النصف العلوي)
الأدميرال الخلفي (النصف العلوي)
الأدميرال الخلفي (النصف السفلي)
الأدميرال الخلفي (النصف السفلي)
الملازم جونيور الصف.
الملازم جونيور الصف.
كبير موظفي الضبط 5.
كبير موظفي الضبط 5.
كبير موظفي الضبط 5.
كبير موظفي الضبط 4.
كبير موظفي الضبط 4.
كبير موظفي الضبط 4.
كبير موظفي الضبط 4.
كبير موظفي الضبط 3.
كبير موظفي الضبط 3.
كبير موظفي الضبط 3.
كبير موظفي الضبط 3.
كبير موظفي الضبط 2.
كبير موظفي الضبط 2.
كبير موظفي الضبط 2.
كبير موظفي الضبط 2.
ضابط ضمان 1.
ضابط ضمان 1.
ماجستير الرئيس تافه ضابط.
رئيس الرقيب.
الرقيب الرئيسي / سيد المدفعية الرقيب.
ماجستير الرئيس تافه ضابط.
الرقيب الأول / الرقيب.
كبير كبار الموظفين تافه.
كبير سيد الرقيب.
الرقيب الأول / الرقيب.
كبير كبار الموظفين تافه.
رقيب من الدرجة الأولى.
ضابط صغير.
ضابط صغير.
ضابط تافه الدرجة الأولى.
ضابط تافه الدرجة الأولى.
ضابط تافه الدرجة الثانية.
ضابط تافه الدرجة الثانية.
ضابط تافه الدرجة الثالثة.
ضابط تافه الدرجة الثالثة.
الدرجة الأولى الخاصة.
ايرمان الدرجة الأولى.
الدرجة الأولى الخاصة.
المصدر: وزارة الدفاع الأمريكية، مركز بيانات القوى العاملة الدفاعية.
وكثيرا ما يوضع أفراد الجيش في حالات خطرة معرضة لخطر الإصابة الخطيرة أو الوفاة. ويتعرض الأعضاء المنتشرون في مناطق القتال أو أولئك الذين يعملون في مناطق خطرة، مثل سطح الطيران لحاملة طائرات، لخطر أكبر للإصابة أو الوفاة.
جداول العمل.
وعادة ما يعمل الأفراد العسكريون العاملون بدوام كامل. ومع ذلك، تختلف الساعات مع التخصص المهني الشخصي، رتبة، وفرع الخدمة، وكذلك مع احتياجات الجيش. ويجب أن يكون الموظفون على استعداد للعمل ساعات إضافية للوفاء بالبعثات.
كيف تصبح عضوا في القوات المسلحة حول هذا القسم.
للانضمام إلى الجيش، يجب على المتقدمين تلبية العمر والتعليم والكفاءة، المادية، ومتطلبات الشخصية. وتختلف هذه المتطلبات حسب فرع الخدمة والضباط والأعضاء المجندين.
على الرغم من أن متطلبات الدخول لكل خدمة تختلف، مؤهلات معينة للتجنيد مشتركة بين جميع الفروع:
الحد الأدنى من 17 سنة من العمر الجنسية الأمريكية أو وضع المقيم الدائم الحصول على شهادة الثانوية العامة أو ما يعادلها لم يدان في جناية قادرة على اجتياز امتحان طبي.
يجب على المتقدمين الذين يبلغون من العمر 17 عاما الحصول على موافقة أحد الوالدين أو الوصي القانوني قبل دخول الجيش.
وفيما يلي حدود العمر لدخول الخدمة الفعلية:
في الجيش، الحد الأقصى للعمر هو 34. في البحرية، والحد الأقصى للعمر هو 34. في سلاح البحرية، والحد الأقصى للعمر هو 29. في سلاح الجو، والحد الأقصى للعمر هو 39. في خفر السواحل، والحد الأقصى للسن هو 27.
يجب على جميع المتقدمين تلبية بعض المتطلبات المادية للارتفاع، الوزن، الرؤية، والصحة العامة. يجب أن يكون الضباط مواطنين أمريكيين. يجب أن يكون الضباط وبعض الأعضاء المجندين قادرين على الحصول على تصريح أمني. ويجب أن يكون المرشحون الراغبون في أن يصبحوا ضباطا من خلال التدريب في أكاديميات الخدمة الاتحادية غير متزوجين ودون معالين.
يتم تعيين أعضاء الخدمة تخصص مهني على أساس قدراتهم، والتدريب السابق، واحتياجات فرع الخدمة. ويجب على جميع الأعضاء توقيع عقد والالتزام بالحد الأدنى من مدة الخدمة.
يمكن لمقدم الخدمة مساعدة عضو الخدمة المحتمل تحديد ما إذا كان مؤهلا للتجنيد أو كموظف. كما يمكن للمجند أن يشرح خيارات التجنيد المختلفة ويصف التخصصات المهنية العسكرية.
وأصبحت المرأة مؤهلة الآن لدخول جميع التخصصات العسكرية.
تصبح عضوا مجندا.
يجب على المجندين المحتملين الذين يرغبون في التجنيد إجراء امتحان تحديد المستوى يسمى & # 160؛ القوات المسلحة الأهلية الكفاءة البطارية & # 160؛ (أسفاب)، والذي يستخدم لتحديد ملاءمة مقدم الطلب للحصول على التخصصات المهنية العسكرية.
يمكن لجدول تجنيد جدولة المتقدمين لاتخاذ أسفاب دون أي التزام للانضمام إلى الجيش. تقدم العديد من المدارس الثانوية الامتحان كوسيلة للطلاب لاستكشاف إمكانية مهنة عسكرية. ويستند اختيار لتخصص وظيفة معينة على نتائج اختبار أسفاب، والمتطلبات المادية للوظيفة، واحتياجات الخدمة.
يجب على المتقدمين الذين يقررون الانضمام للجيش اجتياز الفحص البدني قبل توقيع عقد التجنيد. ويتضمن العقد عددا من خيارات التجنيد، مثل طول مدة الخدمة الفعلية أو وقت العمل الاحتياطي، وطول ونوع التدريب الوظيفي، ومقدار العلاوات التي يمكن الحصول عليها، إن وجدت. وتتمتع معظم برامج العمل النشط بتجنيد أولي مدته 4 سنوات، على الرغم من وجود برامج مدتها سنتان و 3 و 6 سنوات.
وتقدم جميع فروع الخدمات المسلحة برنامج تأخر دخول يسمح للمرشحين بتأجيل الدخول إلى الخدمة الفعلية لمدة تصل إلى سنة واحدة بعد التجنيد. يمكن لطلاب المدارس الثانوية التجنيد خلال سنواتهم العليا ودخول الخدمة بعد التخرج. وقد يؤخر البعض الآخر الدخول لأن التدريب الوظيفي المطلوب لا يتوفر على الفور أو لأنهم يحتاجون إلى وقت لترتيب شؤونهم الشخصية.
لتصبح ضابطا، والمرشحين عادة ما تحتاج إلى الحصول على درجة البكالوريوس على الأقل، يكون مواطنا أمريكيا، اجتياز فحص الخلفية، وتلبية الاحتياجات المادية والعمر. المرشحين لمناصب الضباط لا تحتاج إلى اتخاذ أسفاب. ويحصل البعض على ترشيح الضباط من خلال إكمال شهادة وتدريب من خلال أكاديميات الخدمة الفيدرالية (الجيش، والبحرية، والقوات الجوية، و # 160؛ خفر السواحل، و & # 160؛ البحرية التجارية) أو من خلال ضباط الاحتياط Ђ (روتك) في العديد من الكليات والجامعات.
وتتطلب جميع فروع القوات المسلحة من أعضائها أن يكونوا خريجين في المدارس الثانوية أو أن يكون لديهم شهادات تفويض مماثلة. الضباط عادة ما تحتاج إلى درجة البكالوريوس. قد يحتاج بعض الضباط الذين يدخلون الخدمة إلى الحصول على تعليم يتجاوز درجة البكالوريوس. فعلى سبيل المثال، يحتاج الضباط الذين يدخلون كمحامين عسكريين إلى درجة في القانون.
أولئك الذين يرغبون في أن يصبحوا ضابط لديهم العديد من الخيارات لتلبية متطلبات التعليم، بما في ذلك أكاديميات الخدمة الاتحادية المذكورة أعلاه (الجيش والبحرية والقوات الجوية وخفر السواحل والبحرية التجارية)، وضباط الاحتياطي الاحتياطي ™ ™ التدريب (روتك) برامج، ضابط مدرسة المرشحين (أوكس)، وغيرها من البرامج.
الصفات الهامة.
مهارات القيادة. ويعمل أفراد القوات المسلحة معا لتحقيق مهامهم. أولئك الذين يريدون التقدم في صفوف تحتاج إلى أن تكون قادرة على قيادة الآخرين في الانتهاء من المهام أو المهام المسندة.
الاستعداد العقلي. يجب أن يكون أفراد القوات المسلحة مناسبا عقليا وقادرين على التعامل مع المواقف العصيبة التي يمكن أن تحدث أثناء العمليات العسكرية.
اللياقة البدنية. ويجب أن يكون أفراد القوات المسلحة ملائمين جسديا للمشاركة في البعثات القتالية التي قد تكون صعبة أو خطيرة.
استعداد. ويجب أن يكون أفراد القوات المسلحة مستعدين وقادرين على تقديم تقارير عن المهام العسكرية في غضون مهلة قصيرة.
تدريب الموظفين المجندين. ويخضع أفراد القوات المسلحة الجدد من التدريب الأولي، المعروف باسم التدريب الأساسي & # 160؛ أو البرنامج التدريبي. ويشمل التدريب الأساسي دورات في المهارات والبروتوكولات العسكرية ويستمر من 7 إلى 13 أسبوعا، بما في ذلك أسبوع من التوجه وإدخال الحياة العسكرية. ويشمل التدريب الأساسي أيضا التدريب على الأسلحة، وبناء الفريق، وممارسة الرياضة البدنية الصارمة تهدف إلى تحسين القوة والقدرة على التحمل.
بعد التدريب الأساسي، يحضر أعضاء المجندين المدارس التقنية للتدريب الإضافي الذي يعدهم لتخصص مهني عسكري معين. وتستمر فترة التدريب الرسمية هذه عادة من 10 إلى 20 أسبوعا. التدريب لبعض المهن may "مشغل محطة توليد الطاقة النووية، على سبيل المثالЂЂ" قد يستغرق ما دام سنة. وبالإضافة إلى الحصول على التعليم التقني، يتلقى الأعضاء العسكريون تدريبا أثناء العمل في مهامهم الأولى.
تدريب ضباط الاعتقال. جميع الخدمات باستثناء سلاح الجو الأمريكي لديها برامج ضابط الضمان. اختيار لحضور ضابط الضبط المرشح مدرسة تنافسية للغاية ويقتصر على أولئك الذين يلبيون متطلبات الرتبة وطول الخدمة. والاستثناء الوحيد هو عملية اختيار ضباط الطيارين في الجيش، وهي عملية ليس لها أي شرط للخدمة العسكرية السابقة. وقد يستمر التدريب عدة أسابيع.
تدريب الضباط. ويتم توفير تدريب الضباط في القوات المسلحة من خلال أكاديميات الخدمة الاتحادية (الجيش والبحرية والقوات الجوية وخفر السواحل والبحرية التجارية)، وبرنامج تدريب ضباط الاحتياط الاحتياطي (روتك)، والمدرسة المرشحة للمدرسة (أوكس) أو مدرسة تدريب الضباط (أوتس)، والحرس الوطني (برامج مدرسة المرشحين موظف الدولة)، و & # 160؛ جامعة الخدمات الموحدة للعلوم الصحية.
تدريب الضباط في أكاديميات الخدمة الاتحادية. وتوفر أكاديميات الخدمة الاتحادية درجة البكالوريوس في العلوم. ويحصل رجال الصيد والطلاب على غرفة ومجالس مجانية، ودراسة مجانية، ورعاية طبية وطبية مجانية، وبدلات شهرية. Graduates receive regular or reserve commissions and typically have a 5-year active-duty obligation, which may be longer for some specialties, such as medicine or aviation. Service academy cadet or midshipman candidates must be nominated by an authorized source, usually a member of Congress. In addition, nominees must submit their academic record, college aptitude test scores, and recommendations from teachers or other school officials. They must also pass a medical examination and have no dependents. Academies make appointments from the list of eligible nominees. Appointments to the Coast Guard Academy, however, are based on merit and do not require a nomination. Training for officers in ROTC programs. Participants in ROTC programs take regular college courses along with 3 to 5 hours of military instruction per week. After graduation, they may serve as officers on active duty or in the Reserves or National Guard. In the last 2 years of an ROTC program, students receive a monthly allowance while attending school, as well as additional pay for summer training. ROTC scholarships for 2, 3, and 4 years of school are available on a competitive basis. Training for officers through OCS or OTS. College graduates can earn a commission in the Armed Forces through OCS or OTS training programs in the Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, Coast Guard, Air National Guard, and Army National Guard. These programs consist of several weeks of academic, physical, and leadership training. Those who complete the programs as officers must usually complete their service obligation on active duty. Training for officers through the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences. Personnel with training in certain health occupations may qualify for direct appointment as officers. For those studying health professions, financial assistance and internship opportunities are available from the military in return for specified periods of military service. Prospective medical students can apply to the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, which offers a salary and free tuition in a program leading to a Doctor of Medicine (M. D.) degree. In return, graduates must serve for at least 7 years in either the military or the U. S. Public Health Service. Training for officers through direct appointments. Direct appointments are also available for those qualified to serve in other specialty areas, such as the Judge Advocate General’s Corps for those in the legal field or the Chaplain Corps for those in religious ministry. All prospective officers who enter the service through a direct appointment attend several weeks of military-related training that typically includes courses in military orientation, academic subjects, and officer leadership and tactics.
Licenses, Certifications, and Registrations.
Depending on the occupational specialty, members of the military may need to have and maintain civilian licenses or certifications. For example, officers serving as lawyers, also known as judge advocates , may need to have and maintain their state bar licenses to enter and remain in the U. S. military. 
النهوض بها.
Each branch of the military has different criteria for determining the promotion of personnel. Criteria for promotion may include time in service and in grade, job performance, a fitness report, and passing scores on written exams. Enlisted personnel can be promoted to higher ranks, which may include serving in a supervisory position and being in charge of junior enlisted members.
Each military service may have other advancement opportunities for its enlisted personnel. For example, enlisted personnel may become warrant officers if they complete a bachelor’s degree, have several years of experience in higher enlisted positions, and meet age and physical requirements. The Army offers a direct enlistment option to become a warrant officer aviator.
Officers can also be promoted to higher ranks, which may include the command of a military unit of both enlisted members and officers, or being in charge of an entire military base.
الدفع حول هذا القسم.
Basic pay is based on rank and time in service. The pay structure for military personnel is shown in table 4. Pay bands are the same for all branches. Members of the Armed Forces may receive additional pay based on their job assignment or qualifications. For example, they receive additional pay for foreign, hazardous, submarine, or flight duty, or for being medical or dental officers. Retirement pay is generally available after 20 years of service.
SOURCE: U. S. Department of Defense, Defense Finance and Accounting Services.
In addition to receiving basic pay, members of the military are either housed free of charge on base or they receive a housing allowance.
Members who serve for a certain number of years may receive other benefits. These benefits may include educational benefits through the Montgomery GI Bill, which pays for a portion of educational costs at accredited institutions; medical care at military or the U. S. Department of Veterans Affairs hospitals; and guaranteed home loans.
Military personnel on active duty typically work full time. However, hours vary with the person’s occupational specialty, rank, and branch of service, as well as with the needs of the military. Personnel must be prepared to work additional hours to fulfill missions.
توقعات العمل حول هذا القسم.
BLS employment projections cover the civilian workforce only.
The goal of the Armed Forces is to maintain a force sufficient to deter, fight, and overcome various threats or conflicts in multiple regions at the same time. Emerging conflicts and global events, however, could lead to changes in the size of the military branches. Consequently, the nation is expected to maintain adequate personnel in the Reserve, Army National Guard, and Air National Guard.
Job Prospects.
Opportunities should be very good for qualified individuals in all branches of the Armed Forces through 2026. All services have needs to fill entry-level and professional positions as current members of the Armed Forces move up through the ranks, leave the service, or retire.
The military has been an all-volunteer force since the end of the draft in 1973. When the economy is thriving and civilian employment opportunities are generally more favorable, it is more difficult for the military to meet its recruitment quotas. It is also more difficult to meet these goals during times of war, when recruitment goals typically rise. During economic downturns, candidates for military service may face competition.
وظائف مماثلة حول هذا القسم.
The military employs people in numerous occupational specialties, many of which are similar to civilian occupations. To match military occupations with similar civilian occupations, O*Net OnLine offers the Military Crosswalk Search tool.
Contacts for More Information About this section.
Each of the military services publishes handbooks, fact sheets, and pamphlets describing its entrance requirements, its training opportunities, and other aspects of military careers. These publications are available at all recruiting stations; at most state employment service offices; and in high schools, colleges, and public libraries. 
For more information on the individual services, visit.
In addition, the Defense Manpower Data Center, an agency of the Department of Defense, maintains a website that provides information and resources for parents, educators, and young adults who are curious about joining military service. To see the information, visit.
For more information about military testing, visit.
Suggested citation:
Bureau of Labor Statistics, U. S. Department of Labor, Occupational Outlook Handbook , Military Careers,
تاريخ آخر تعديل: الثلاثاء، 24 تشرين الأول (أكتوبر) 2017.
ماذا يفعلون.
The What They Do tab describes the typical duties and responsibilities of workers in the occupation, including what tools and equipment they use and how closely they are supervised. يغطي هذا التبويب أيضا أنواع مختلفة من التخصصات المهنية.
بيئة العمل.
تتضمن علامة التبويب بيئة العمل عدد الوظائف التي يتم االحتفاظ بها في االحتالل وتصف مكان العمل ومستوى النشاط البدني المتوقع وساعات العمل النموذجية. وقد تناقش أيضا الصناعات الرئيسية التي استخدمت الاحتلال. قد تصف أيضا علامة التبويب هذه فرص العمل بدوام جزئي، ومقدار ونوع السفر المطلوب، وأي معدات السلامة المستخدمة، وخطر الإصابة التي قد يواجهها العمال.
كيف تصبح واحدة.
تصف كيف تصبح واحد علامة التبويب كيفية التحضير لوظيفة في الاحتلال. يمكن أن تتضمن علامة التبويب هذه معلومات عن التعليم والتدريب والخبرة في العمل والترخيص وإصدار الشهادات والصفات المهمة المطلوبة أو مفيدة للدخول أو العمل في المهنة.
تصف علامة التبويب "الدفع" الأرباح النموذجية وكيفية تعويض العاملين في المهنة "الرواتب السنوية أو الأجور أو العمولات أو النصائح أو المكافآت. Within every occupation, earnings vary by experience, responsibility, performance, tenure, and geographic area. بالنسبة لمعظم التشكيلات، تحتوي علامة التبويب هذه على جدول بأجور في الصناعات الرئيسية التي تستخدم المهنة. وهي لا تشمل أجور العاملين لحسابهم الخاص أو العاملين في الزراعة أو العمال في الأسر المعيشية الخاصة، لأن هذه البيانات لا تجمعها الدراسة الاستقصائية عن العمالة المهنية، وهي مصدر بيانات الأجور في نظام الصحة والسلامة المهنية (أوس).
الدولة & # 38؛ Area Data.
توفر علامة التبويب بيانات الدولة والمناطق روابط إلى البيانات المهنية في الولاية والمنطقة من برنامج إحصاءات العمالة المهنية (أوس)، وبيانات إسقاطات الدولة من إسقاطات سينترال، والمعلومات المهنية من مهنة أونوستوب التابعة لوزارة العمل.
المستقبل الوظيفي.
وتصف عالمة التبويب "توقعات العمل" العوامل التي تؤثر على نمو الوظائف أو تراجعها، وفي بعض الحاالت، تصف العالقة بين عدد الباحثين عن عمل وعدد فرص العمل.
وظائف مماثلة.
تصف علامة التبويب المهن المشابهة المهن التي تشترك في واجبات أو مهارات أو اهتمامات أو تعليم أو تدريبات مماثلة مع الاحتلال الذي يغطيه الملف الشخصي.
اتصالات لمزيد من المعلومات.
توفر علامة التبويب المزيد من المعلومات عناوين الإنترنت للجمعيات والوكالات الحكومية والنقابات والمنظمات الأخرى التي يمكن أن توفر معلومات إضافية عن الاحتلال. تتضمن علامة التبويب هذه أيضا روابط للمعلومات المهنية ذات الصلة من شبكة المعلومات المهنية (O * نيت).
2018 Median Pay.
وكان الأجر الذي يحصل عليه نصف العمال في الاحتلال أكثر من ذلك المبلغ ونصفهم أقل. بيانات األجور املتوسطة هي من مسح إحصاءات التوظيف املهني. وفي أيار / مايو 2018، بلغ متوسط ​​الأجر السنوي لجميع العمال 040 37 دولارا.
على التدريب أثناء العمل.
وهناك حاجة إلى تدريب إضافي (بعد العمل) لتحقيق الكفاءة في المهارات اللازمة في هذا العمل.
التعليم على مستوى الدخول.
المستوى النموذجي للتعليم الذي يحتاجه معظم العمال لدخول هذا الاحتلال.
خبرة العمل في المهنة ذات الصلة.
الخبرة العملية التي يعتبرها أرباب العمل ضرورية عادة، أو تعتبر بديلا مقبولا بشكل عام لأنواع التدريب أو التعليم الرسمية.
عدد الوظائف، 2018.
توظيف أو حجم هذا الاحتلال في عام 2018، وهو العام الأساسي لتوقعات التوظيف 2018-2018.
توقعات العمل، 2018-26.
التغير المتوقع في التوظيف في الفترة من 2018 إلى 2026. ويبلغ متوسط ​​معدل النمو في جميع المهن 7 في المائة.
تغيير العمالة، 2018-26.
التغير الرقمي المتوقع في التوظيف من 2018 إلى 2026.
التعليم على مستوى الدخول.
المستوى النموذجي للتعليم الذي يحتاجه معظم العمال لدخول هذا الاحتلال.
على التدريب أثناء العمل.
وهناك حاجة إلى تدريب إضافي (بعد العمل) لتحقيق الكفاءة في المهارات اللازمة في هذا العمل.
تغيير العمالة، المتوقع 2018-26.
التغير الرقمي المتوقع في التوظيف من 2018 إلى 2026.
معدل النمو (متوقع)
نسبة التغير في التوظيف لكل مهنة من 2018 إلى 2026.
العدد المتوقع للوظائف الجديدة.
التغير الرقمي المتوقع في التوظيف من 2018 إلى 2026.
معدل النمو المتوقع.
التغير المتوقع في التوظيف في الفترة من 2018 إلى 2026.
2018 Median Pay.
وكان الأجر الذي يحصل عليه نصف العمال في الاحتلال أكثر من ذلك المبلغ ونصفهم أقل. بيانات األجور املتوسطة هي من مسح إحصاءات التوظيف املهني. وفي أيار / مايو 2018، بلغ متوسط ​​الأجر السنوي لجميع العمال 040 37 دولارا.

Part 6. Human Resources Management.
Section 1. Qualification Requirements.
6.338.1 Qualification Requirements.
Applicants must meet all minimum qualification and eligibility requirements, such as time - in-grade (TIG), approved by the Office of Personnel Management (OPM) and published in the OPM's Qualification Standards for General Schedule Positions or the Job Qualification System for Trades and Labor Occupations (Handbook X-118C). This section contains supplemental information and guidelines for determining the appropriate qualification standards for all competitive and non-competitive actions in the Service.
Additional information on eligibility requirements, including TIG, can be found in IRM 6.335.1, Promotion and Internal Placement.
Qualifications (General)
Qualification determinations must be made by evaluating the applicant’s experience in context with the knowledges, skills, abilities, and other characteristics (KSAOs) and/or competencies of the position to be filled to determine whether the generalized and specialized experience requirements have been met. In accordance with the OPM's Qualification Standards for General Schedule Positions:
Generalized experience is usually required at grade levels where the knowledge and skills needed to perform the duties of a specific position are not a prerequisite, but where applicants must have demonstrated the ability to acquire the particular knowledge and skills; و.
Specialized experience is defined as: "experience that has equipped the applicant with the particular knowledge, skills, abilities, and other characteristics (KSAOs) to perform successfully the duties of the position and is typically in or related to the work of the position to be filled." When specialized experience is required, applicants must possess one year of experience equivalent to the next lower grade of the position to be filled.
In some cases, it is necessary to consider the normal line of progression in the applicable organizational entity to determine whether specialized experience is equivalent to the next lower grade of the position to be filled. See IRM 6.338.1.14.
Candidates may also meet qualification requirements under the specific provisions of a training agreement that was developed in compliance with 5 CFR Part 410. An appropriately approved training agreement makes it possible to substitute the successful completion of intensive and accelerated training for a portion of the normal qualification requirements. Documentation related to these requirements must be maintained in the promotion records.
Qualification Resources.
Resources are available to Human Resources (HR) professionals who analyze applicants experience to determine if it is of the level, depth and scope required for the position to be filled.
Position Description: The position description contains:
Introduction: Provides an overview and brief description of the position;
Duties: Describes the activities that the incumbent of the position can be expected to perform; و.
Factor Levels: Factors 1-9 and associated Factor Level Definitions are derived from the Factor Evaluation System (FES) which identifies the level of experience necessary for each grade level: Factor 1-Knowledge Required; Factor 2-Supervisory Controls; Factor 3-Guidelines; Factor 4-Complexity; Factor 5-Scope and Effect; Factor 6-Personal Contacts; Factor 7-Purpose of Contacts; Factor 8-Physical Demands; Factor 9-Work Environment.
The Classifier’s Handbook located on OPM’s website at: opm. gov/fedclass/clashnbk. pdf contains the Primary Standard which defines each of the nine FES factors; the levels within each factor; and the point values appropriate for each grade level.
The Introduction to the Position Classification Standards located on OPM’s website at: opm. gov/fedclass/gsintro. pdf provides background information and guidance regarding the classification standards for General Schedule (GS) work. It describes the fundamentals for understanding how to use the classification standards; the work to be classified; the process for determining an occupational series; and the development of position descriptions.
Position Classification Standards located on OPM’s website at: opm. gov/fedclass/html/gsclass. asp define each factor and level required for each specific series and grade. This document provides clarifying examples and a foundation from which an HR Specialist can apply judgment with respect to evaluating the grade level of an applicant’s experience. This is a reliable source of information when evaluating an applicant’s actual work experience and education.
The Qualification Standards Handbook for General Schedule Positions located on OPM's website at: opm. gov/qualifications/index. asp contains minimum qualification standards that have been established by OPM for GS positions in the Federal Government. It is directed primarily to HR Specialists who need to determine whether applicants meet the minimum requirements for the position being filled. This Handbook provides a variety of information on qualifications, such as how to credit time on a detail, credit military experience, prorate experience, etc. Various factors affect the outcome of an employee’s evaluation under minimum qualification requirements (i. e., incomplete applications, relevant information not received by suspense date, time-in-grade requirements, etc.). The use of subject matter experts (SMEs) and the guidance found in the "General Policies and Instructions " section of the Operating Manual for OPM's Qualification Standards for General Schedule Positions, paragraph (d), Crediting Experience is a reliable source of information. An applicant’s actual work experience and education, rather than their job occupational series alone, are more reliable factors when evaluating job applicants for minimum eligibility.
The Job Qualification System for Trades and Labor Occupations (Handbook X-118C) located on OPM’s website, provides guidance on the three major steps of job element examining which compares the requirements of the job against the knowledges, skills, and abilities of the candidate to determine the best qualified candidates for trade and labor occupations. These occupations are covered under the Federal Wage System (FWS) and include Wage Grade Employees (WG), Wage Leader Employees (WL), and Wage Supervisors (WS).
Crediting Part-time Employment.
In determining qualifications, part-time employment is credited based on a percentage of a normal work week (usually 35-40 hours per week) for the particular type of employment. An employee who has one year of experience at 20 hours per week would be credited with 50% of a normal workweek (40 hours per week), or a total of 6 months of experience.
Creditable experience should generally be determined on the basis of hours in a pay status (excluding overtime) rather than scheduled hours in order to recognize the service of part-time employees who are required to work additional straight time hours. For more information and detailed instructions, see the OPM's Qualification Standards for General Schedule Positions, Policies and Instructions.
Crediting Leave Without Pay (LWOP) and Non-pay Status Toward Promotion and Reassignment.
Applying qualification standards involves more than rating an individual’s length of experience. Internal and external placement actions should be characterized by evaluations based on whether the individual possesses the necessary knowledge, skills, and abilities to perform the work.
Qualification determinations should be based on an individual’s total background with all valid and pertinent experience considered. Thus, all periods of time spent on a job should be credited without regard to limited periods of time away from duties on approved leave (including leave without pay (LWOP)).
Thirty (30) calendar days of LWOP may be credited towards meeting experience requirements; and periods of non-pay status, such as seasonal employment, will be treated as LWOP.
Up to 30 calendar days of LWOP for part-time or full-time employees may be credited towards meeting experience requirements for promotion or reassignment, provided the employee possesses the knowledge, skills, and abilities necessary to perform the job;
Non-pay status may be credited for a maximum of 30 calendar days within each grade (promotion period);
Credit will be prorated on the basis of an employee’s tour of duty prior to being placed in non-pay status, up to a maximum of 30 calendar days.
Example: An employee working a 40 hour-per-week tour of duty prior to nonpay status will receive 30 calendar days credit. An employee working a 20 hour-per-week tour of duty prior to non-pay status will receive 15 calendar days credit;
Intermittent employees have no specified tour of duty; therefore, credit for non-pay status is not given;
These instructions also apply to promotions of employees who were former Student Career Experience Program (SCEP) employees.
Example: A former employee who had intervening periods of non-pay status at the GS-5 level, before conversion to career tenure, may have 30 calendar days credited toward the GS-7 level of a position classified at two-grade intervals;
Although servicing Human Capital Office (HCO), Employment, Talent and Security Division (ETS), Employment Offices (EOs) have the final authority to allow credit for experience, unusual situations should be reviewed on a case-by case basis, with input from supervisors as needed. An example of such situation would be contacting a supervisor for verification of duties claimed as being performed, but which are not reflected in recorded documentation;
Periods of LWOP in excess of 30 days may be credited provided that the individual’s qualifications are reviewed carefully on a case-by case basis. It is expected that instances where an individual would possess the necessary qualification after an extended period of LWOP will be rare; و.
Proration of credit for periods of LWOP does not apply to employees who are absent due to compensable injury, or uniformed service. These individuals are generally entitled to be treated as though he or she had never left.
One-grade and Two-grade Interval Work.
GS positions are normally divided into two categories – those covering one-grade interval work, and those covering two-grade interval work.
One-grade interval work has a grade level pattern which increases by one grade increments, i. e., GS-01, 02, 03, 04, 05, etc. The typical grade range for one-grade interval occupations is GS-01 through GS-08, although jobs in some occupations may be at higher grades.
Two-grade interval work follows a two-grade interval pattern up to the GS-11 level, i. e., GS-05, 07, 09, 11. From GS-11 through GS-15, such series then follow a one-grade interval pattern (although said positions are still considered two-grade interval in nature). GS-09 and GS-11 represent the first full performance level for most two-grade interval IRS occupations, although variations do exist in other occupations. The use of grades GS-06, 08, and 10 is not prohibited in two-grade interval series. Such grades are unusual, however, and would ordinarily not be in keeping with the normal grade pattern for such work.
When evaluating specialized experience of one-grade interval positions for the purposes of promotion/reassignment into a two-grade interval position, it is important to distinguish the level of experience based on assigned duties and responsibilities and determine whether it is comparable to the next lower grade of the two-grade position being filled. To make a distinction between one and two-grade interval work, one must consider the characteristics and requirements of the work as well as management’s intent in establishing the position. In this regard, two key questions should be asked:
Is the position one that management established to support and augment the work of a two-grade interval position?; أو.
Is it a developmental position with clear progression to higher-grade levels as a two-grade interval position based on progressively more difficult assignments requiring the application of broad program knowledge, concepts, and principles?
Differentiating Professional and Administrative Work from Technical and Clerical Work.
General Schedule positions are divided into five (5) " categories" of work commonly referred to as PATCO (Professional, Administrative, Technical, Clerical, and Other). The PATCO designation describes the general characteristics of work classifiable under the General Schedule and reflects the typical grade level pattern for a particular occupation. The identification of a position’s PATCO designation will assist with evaluating an applicant’s experience when moving from a one-graded to a two-graded interval position.
Professional : Work classified to a "professional " (i. e., two-grade interval) series requires education and training in the principles, concepts, and theories of the occupation. The following are examples of "Professional" occupations: attorney, engineer, mathematician, statistician, operations research analyst, actuary, educator, and revenue agent.
Administrative : Work classified to an "administrative" (i. e., two-grade interval) series involves the exercise of analytical ability, judgment, and discretion, and the application of a substantial body of knowledge of principles, concepts, and practices applicable to one or more fields of administration or management. The following are examples of " Administrative " occupations: HR specialist, budget analyst, support services specialist, management/program analyst, security analyst, Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) specialist, administrative officer, tax specialist, paralegal specialist, appeals officer, public affairs specialist, language specialist, realty specialist, appraiser, and revenue officer.
Technical Work : classified to a " technical " (i. e., one-grade interval) series is typically associated with and supportive of a professional or administrative field or occupation. The following are examples of "Technical " occupations: HR assistant, tax examining technician, accounting technician, security assistant, computer assistant, management assistant, EEO assistant, budget technician, civilian pay technician, editorial assistant, purchasing agent, supply technician, and contact representative.
Clerical : Work classified to a " clerical " (i. e., one-grade interval) series involves structured work in support of office, business, or fiscal operations. Clerical work is performed in accordance with established policies, procedures, or techniques; and requires training, experience, or working knowledge related to the tasks to be performed. The following are examples of " Clerical" occupations: secretary, office automation clerk, data transcriber, mail clerk, file clerk, and general clerk.
Other Work : This category includes those occupations in the General Schedule that do not clearly fit into one of the above groupings. The series definition or classification standard should indicate whether the series is a one or two-grade interval.
Evaluating One-grade Interval Work at the Full Working Level with Two - grade Interval Work at the Same Grade Level.
Differences between positions classified in one-grade interval occupations and positions classified in two-grade interval occupations are not always obvious. Some tasks are common to both types of occupations, particularly at the higher grade level of the one-grade interval work, and the lower, developmental grade level of two-grade interval work. Although some one-grade interval duties may be similar to those of two-grade interval "trainees," these trainees are in temporary stages of development performing assignments requiring increasingly more judgment and analysis over a period of time. One-grade interval duties are not designed to progress to two-grade interval work. They are designed to support the work of the two-grade interval position.
To illustrate, the following are two sets of examples comparing two-grade interval "developmental" work with one-grade interval work at the "full performance level," with both at the same grade level. Examples cited pertain to the GS-200 Administrative and Assistance Work in the Human Resources Management Group, and the GS-500 Professional/ Administrative and Clerical/Technical Accounting and Budget Work Group:
Example 1 : GS-201-07 HR Specialist (Classification – developmental to the GS-11 full performance level) and GS-203-07 HR Assistant (Classification – full performance level) . The specialist position requires a higher level of technical program knowledge, i. e., principles and practices of position classification, in addition to the use of analytical/evaluative techniques. The assistant position requires more limited technical program knowledge, i. e., set rules, procedures, methods of position classification. The specialist position performs a wider range of technical work assignments based on the higher level of program knowledge required, and with eventual performance of higher level work, e. g., conducting desk audits on wide range of positions, reviewing/advising on organizational changes, making technical recommendations to management, etc. The assistant position performs limited and specific tasks in support of the specialist and is not expected to perform beyond the current set of tasks assigned, e. g., preparation for desk audits, classifying lower grade-level positions, answering general program questions, etc.
Example 2 : GS-560-07 Budget Analyst (developmental to the GS-11 full performance level) and GS-561-07 Budget Technician (full performance level) . The analyst position requires technical knowledge of financial regulations, methods, and processes for formulating/executing budgets while the technician position requires similar, although less extensive knowledge, related to financial management practices, procedures, and regulations. The analyst position performs technical work relative to formulating budgets, including gathering/analyzing financial data, monitoring expenditures relative to line item obligations, recommending alternative courses of action for expending funds, etc. The technician position performs limited tasks in support of developing budgets, including gathering and consolidating various financial data, verifying claims against obligated funds, receiving/distributing reports, maintaining files, etc.
Evaluating One-grade Interval Work at the Full Working Level for Promotion into a Two-grade Interval Position.
As a general rule, it is rare for an applicant occupying a one-grade interval assistant/technician position or who possesses similar background experience to be competitively promoted to a similar or related two-grade interval specialist/analyst position. One (1) year of specialized experience is required, and is usually obtained through a detail or competitive reassignment at the applicant’s current grade level, e. g., from GS-203-07 HR Assistant to GS-201-07 HR Specialist. However, there may be situations where one-grade interval assistant/technician work experience qualifies for promotion to similar two-grade interval specialist/analyst positions. OPM's Qualification Standards for General Schedule Positions (General Policies and Instructions) states: "Technician, paraprofessional, and substantive clerical support (i. e., one-grade interval) experience may be qualifying for two-grade interval positions…if the experience demonstrated the KSAO’s required to perform the work successfully."
It is imperative that each situation be carefully reviewed on a case-by-case basis to determine if the applicant meets the KSAO’s for promotion into a two-grade interval position.
Any time technician experience is applied towards the specialized experience requirement for a two-grade interval position, GS-07 level and above, a Senior HR Specialist in the servicing HCO, ETS, EO must approve the determination by signing and dating the decision document.
When a request is received to temporarily promote a one-grade interval technician to a two-grade interval position, GS-07 and above, the HR Specialist will request documentation from management for verification of qualifications. After review, if the HR Specialist believes that credit should be granted, a Senior HR Specialist within the servicing HCO, ETS, EO must approve the determination by signing and dating the decision document.
To be creditable, this experience should be documented via memorandum from the manager, a Personnel Action Request (PAR), and/or other written documentation.
In determining what constitutes specialized experience, the position description of the position to be filled should be carefully reviewed in order to obtain a description of the duties/responsibilities of the position as well as the KSAOs required to perform the work. The KSAOs defined in the position description are assigned a factor level definition which can be located in the Position Classification Standards. These factor levels can be used as a method to determine the particular level of skill that is needed for both the one-grade interval and the two grade interval positions. This information should then be compared with the applicant’s background experience and knowledge to determine to what extent comparability exists between the required KSAOs for the two-grade interval position and the applicant’s background and experience. The following example is intended to help differentiate between the duties/responsibilities and KSAOs of a GS-07 HR Assistant (Recruitment & Placement) and a GS-09 HR Specialist (Recruitment & Placement):
Example : GS-201-09 HR Specialist (developmental to GS-11 level) and GS-203-7 (full performance level) . The GS-203-07 Assistant will need to have gained experience through the performance of work that meets the same KSAOs required to perform the work of the GS-201 Specialist position at the grade 09 level. This experience can primarily be obtained via detail and/or competitive reassignment to a GS-201-07 level position with promotion potential to a higher grade. Further, the qualification standards require one (1) year of specialized experience equivalent to at least the next lower grade level in the normal line of progression for the position being filled. As such, the GS-203-07 Assistant will need to have successfully performed work for at least one year that is comparable to the GS-201-07 Specialist level; thereby, allowing the GS-203-07 applicant to assume the duties and responsibilities assigned to the GS-201-09 Specialist position with minimal supervisory guidance and direction. To be creditable towards a promotion, the applicant’s background and experience will need to have shown evidence of progressively difficult assignments, requiring a broader application of HR-related knowledge, concepts, and principles which clearly demonstrate the possession of the required KSAOs. This experience should be documented via memorandum from the manager, a PAR and/or other written documentation.
While raters may observe some similarities in the duties performed by GS-201 HR Specialists and GS-203 HR Assistants, generally GS-203 HR Assistants use a limited variety of standards and regulations, their assignments often facilitate/support larger projects/assignments of the specialists, and the problems they deal with are usually of a recurring nature and already have precedents. As such, these limitations impact the breadth and depth of knowledge required, the complexity of problem solving, the degree of judgment and discretion used, the applicability of guidelines, and the closeness of supervisory controls.
Qualifying GS-343-12 Management and Program Analyst Positions PD# 93042 in W&I.
(1) This section provides guidance to HCO, ETS, EOs for determining minimum qualifications for the Management and Program Analyst, GS-343-12 position associated with Position Description 93042 in the Wage & Investment (W&I) Division. This position serves as an analyst, evaluator and advisor to management on the effectiveness and efficiency of assigned program operations. The incumbent conducts analytical studies and or projects to resolve substantive problems or improve effectiveness and efficiency of the operating line and administrative programs.
An SME panel comprised of experts from within W&I and the Human Capital Office (HCO) developed examples of specialized experience for conducting minimum qualifications for the GS-343 Management Analyst position.
Candidates must have one year of specialized experience equivalent to the GS-11 level. Specialized experience is experience that is related to this job and has equipped the candidate with the particular knowledge, skills and abilities to perform successfully the duties of the position and that is typically related to the duties and responsibilities of the position to be filled. The position requires knowledge and skill in adapting analytical techniques and evaluation criteria to the measurement and improvement of program effectiveness and/or organizational productivity. Qualifying experience includes work that involved (but was not limited to):
التخطيط & أمب؛ Evaluating : Analyzing various types of inventory/workload reports to prioritize and schedule work to meet program goals (such as conducting workload analysis to determine and project gaps and/or overlaps in production measures). Analyzing workflow to identify delays in processes, variances in quality/quantity or other issues impacting effectiveness/efficiency, and make revisions/recommendations for improvement. Planning, developing and delivering technical training (such as conducting analysis of training needs, the development of plans to meet those training needs, and the actual execution of those training plans to upper level management).
Problem Solving : Analyzing business measures and comparing against established standards (such as using reports to compile information, and identify unique, unprecedented or unusual issues impacting the operations/and or program). Preparing recommendations for resource requirements to accomplish the project or program (such as changes for improvement, and/or implementation of automated systems for efficiency gains). Producing spreadsheets to manage, track, and report data to facilitate decision making (such as compiling, manipulating and analyzing relevant data obtained from reports, quality review systems, etc., to identify trends, deviation from standards, etc., and make recommendations for improvements). Monitoring systems to identify problems and verify changes are functioning correctly (such as system enhancements or changes implemented in response to new tax law). Conducting studies of work processes to identify, analyze, and recommend solutions to problems in organizational structure, staffing, administrative procedures, work processes and/or distribution. Serving on a team that used management and program analyses for development and deployment of new or modified programs within an operation. Conducting cost benefit analyses, risk analysis, or other technique to determine the best course of action.
Writing : Producing written information such as headquarters-approved job aids and training materials for a broad audience. Producing written documents to provide recommendations or findings to the next level of management or above. Writing substantive work reviews that assess employees' performance conformity to laws, rules, regulations and quality standards, and form the basis for employee evaluations.
Influencing/Negotiating : Persuading others to accept recommendations, cooperate, or change their behavior; working with others towards an agreement; negotiating to find mutually acceptable solutions. Negotiating agreements between various work areas, and coordinating the impact of the project, process, or program with employees and managers. Influencing changes in processes within the centers and/or recommending IRM changes.
Selective Placement Factors.
Selective placement factors may be established for occupations Servicewide, or for individual positions if they are appropriately justified (such as knowledge of a foreign language).
Selective placement factors are KSAOs that go beyond minimum qualification standards, but are also prescribed as necessary for meeting basic eligibility. These factors are essential for successful performance in the position to be filled and cannot be readily attained after promotion (generally within three to six months) and are applied in the same manner as minimum qualification requirements. Selective placement factors should be used only when they are critical to the proper filling of the position and not merely because they would be desirable. The selective placement factors must be documented and justified by the KSAOs contained in the position description, critical job elements, and/or other job related processes.
Selective placement factors cannot be changed at any time during the promotion action and once established generally should remain consistent for the same type of position unless the duties/responsibilities of the position have changed. When a selective placement factor is used, the justification for its use must be maintained in the promotion records. Examples of appropriate selective placement factors are as follows:
Knowledge of a foreign language (if reflected in the position description);
Knowledge and abilities pertaining to a certain program or mission, when these cannot be readily acquired after promotion (generally within 3 to 6 months); و.
Ability in a functional area (for example, ability to evaluate alternative ADP systems).
The following are examples of inappropriate selective placement factors:
Additional general or specialized experience;
Quality of experience inappropriate to the grade and type of the position to be filled;
Additional formal education requirements;
Requirement designed solely to eliminate the need for a brief period of training and adjustment (unless the period would be so long as to unreasonably burden the operations of the Service);
Requirement that unduly restricts the number of eligible candidates or which is intended to favor a certain candidate; و.
Requirement not essential to the duties of the immediate vacancy, such as one based on a possible future assignment (except for positions with known promotion potential to advance to a higher grade in the occupation).
Selecting officials and servicing HCO, ETS, EOs are jointly responsible for identifying selective placement factors. Servicing HCO, ETS, EOs have the responsibility for maintaining the documentation of the validity and job-relatedness of the selective placement factors (see OPM's Qualification Standards for General Schedule Positions, Section II. General Policies and Instructions). However, the development of the documentation is a joint responsibility between the Business Operating Division (BOD) and the servicing HCO, ETS, EO.
Additional guidance for selective placement factors can be found in OPM's Qualification Standards for General Schedule Positions.
Servicewide Selective Placement Factors for GS-526 Occupational Series.
The Service completed a validation study of the GS-526 occupation that supported the need for accounting knowledge in order to successfully perform the duties of the GS-526 position. As a result, at the Service’s request, OPM revised the classification standard to reflect this accounting knowledge requirement. The Service established a Servicewide selective placement factor to assess a candidate’s accounting knowledge as required by the revised classification standard. The selective placement factor is part of the minimum qualification requirements and candidates who do not meet it are ineligible for further consideration.
The selective placement factor requires that candidates provide evidence of accounting knowledge/competency at a level that is equivalent to 6 semester hours of accounting for GS-9 level and below positions and 12 semester hours for positions above the GS-9 level. The accounting selective placement factor can be met in one of 2 ways:
Successfully completing the requisite number of accounting hours in an accredited college or university; أو.
Successfully passing a written IRS accounting assessment.
If applicants choose to demonstrate the accounting competency through completion of college credits, the following guidance applies:
The 6 semester hour requirement for the GS-9 level and below positions may be met by:
College Accounting Courses: Normally, college elementary accounting courses require 6 semester hours (or 9 quarter hours) of study; this is considered to be the basic requirement; أو.
Business or Commercial School Courses: Accounting or bookkeeping courses in resident business or commercial schools above the high school level which have provided a good working knowledge of the principles and practices of double entry bookkeeping for the proprietorship, partnership, and the corporation may be credited on the basis that 18 clock hours of study is the equivalent of one semester hour.
The 12 semester hour requirement for positions above the GS-09 level may be met by:
An additional 6 semester hours (or 9 quarter hours) in intermediate accounting for a total of 12 hours of accounting for positions above the GS-9 level. The designation of specific college course titles is not feasible; however, the course work should represent 6 semester hours (or 9 quarter hours) of accounting courses for which elementary accounting serves as a prerequisite.
This selective placement factor is applicable to all GS-526 positions Servicewide. All candidates for GS-526 positions, whether selected competitively (i. e. under merit promotion procedures) or non-competitively (i. e. reinstatement eligibles, hardship candidates, etc.), must meet this selective placement factor.
Basic eligibility for GS-526 positions Servicewide will be determined using OPM’s Qualification Standards for General Schedule Positions, GS-526 Tax Technician series, in conjunction with the Group Coverage Qualification Standard for Administrative and Management Positions as well as the accounting selective placement factor.
Servicewide Selective Placement Factors for GS-512 Occupational Series.
The Service completed a validation study of the GS-512 occupation that supported the need for these specific accounting courses in order to successfully perform the duties of the GS-512 position. A Servicewide selective placement factor was established and approved to assess an applicant’s specific accounting knowledge for GS-512 Internal Revenue Agent positions. The selective placement factor is part of the minimum qualification requirements; applicants who do not meet the selective placement factor are ineligible for further consideration.
The qualification standard for GS-512 positions requires 30 semester hours of accounting which can be met by having 24 semester hours in accounting and 6 semester hours in related subjects such as business law, economics, statistical/quantitative methods, computerized accounting or financial systems, financial management or finance.
In addition to the above requirements, applicants must also meet the selective placement factor which requires that, as part of the 30 semester hours of accounting required by the GS-512 qualification standard, the applicant possess five accounting knowledges:
Principles of accounting;
Advanced accounting and;
The applicant’s education and/or experience must support possession of the knowledge, skills and other abilities associated with these specific accounting course competencies.
Possession of an accounting degree, or the pre-requisite 24 semester hours in accounting, or a certificate as a Certified Public Accountant meets the 5 accounting knowledges.
For applicants qualifying based on the combination of education and experience, HCO, ETS, EOs must verify that the applicant’s education and experience provide evidence that they possess the 5 accounting knowledges.
Vacancy announcements for both internal and external consideration should include this selective placement factor information as part of the basic qualification requirements.
Superior Academic Achievement (SAA)
OPM's Qualification Standards for General Schedule Positions states that, "In order to be creditable under this Superior Academic Achievement (SAA) provision, SAA must have been gained in a curriculum that is qualifying for the position to be filled." Meeting the requirements for one or more of the SAA provisions will qualify an applicant for positions at the GS-7 level. Failure to meet the SAA provisions will qualify an applicant with 4 years of appropriate college study for positions at the GS-5 level.
Unless an occupational series has an individual occupational requirement (IOR), as defined by OPM's Qualification Standards for General Schedule Positions, SAA is creditable in any degree and can be met through one of the following methods:
Class standing; أو.
Grade point average (GPA); أو.
Election to membership in a national scholastic honor society.
SAA applied to a scientific or professional position having positive education requirements must be in a qualifying curriculum as defined by the IOR for each occupational field. For example, to credit SAA in the Internal Revenue Agent Series (GS-512), the IOR specifies that the undergraduate degree requirements must be met by: (1) degree in accounting, that included at least 30 semester hours in accounting or (2) degree in any field that was supplemented by 24 semester hours of accounting and 6 semester hours in related business subjects such as business law, economics, statistical/quantitative methods, computerized accounting or financial systems, financial management, or finance. Therefore, a degree in nuclear medicine that is not supplemented by 24 semester hours of accounting and 6 semester hours in related business subjects would not qualify for SAA for the Internal Revenue Agent position.
SAA applied to administrative and management positions having an IOR with specific undergraduate curriculum requirements must be in a qualifying curriculum as defined by the IOR. Otherwise, any curriculum is qualifying for SAA. For example, the Recreation Specialist Series (GS-188), which is covered under the qualification standard for administrative and management positions, has an IOR and the major field of study must be in general recreation, or one of the appropriate fields of recreation such as outdoor recreation, etc. Thus, a degree in chemistry would not qualify for SAA for the GS-188 series. The Tax Specialist Series (GS-526), which is also covered under the qualification standard for administrative and management positions, has an IOR, but has no specific undergraduate curriculum requirements. Therefore, any undergraduate degree would qualify for SAA for the Tax Specialist series, provided that the class standing, GPA, or honor society requirements contained in OPM's Qualification Standards for General Schedule Positions have been met.
Pass/Fail System: Reviewers of applications from applicants seeking to meet the SAA provisions must be aware of the limits on the percentage of course work that was completed on a "pass/fail" basis. If more than 10 percent the total credit was based on pass/fail or similar systems, then the applicant may not be able to credit their GPA for SAA. For additional information see OPM's Qualification Standards for General Schedule Positions, General Policies and Instructions.
Rounding: Applicants' GPAs must be rounded off properly. OPM's Qualification Standards for General Schedule Positions states that a GPA of 2.95 must be rounded to 3.0, while a GPA of 2.94 must be rounded to 2.9. Failure to follow this procedure will lead to improper use of the SAA provisions.
Review of transcripts: The educational record of applicants who have changed majors, attended several different institutions, or taken courses only sporadically should be reviewed closely. Course titles and numbers may help determine level. (Courses entitled "Introduction to. " or with numbers beginning with A or 1 are almost always lower level courses.) Transcripts noting the level of the student, e. g., freshman or junior, when the courses were taken may help also. If the level of an applicant's courses is not clear, the degree to which the courses relate to each other should be considered in determining whether the level of the course work meets the requirements of the position being filled.
Use of SAA: The SAA provision can be applied to either initial appointment or inservice placement actions.
Documentation of Education.
OPM's Qualification Standards for General Schedule Positions provides guidance in substituting education for work experience. The manual states that proof of appropriate documentation for applicable education may be in the form of an official transcript; a statement from the institution’s registrar, dean, or other appropriate official; or equivalent documentation. The Delegated Examining Handbook provides guidance regarding the use of a transcript in documenting education when basic qualifications cannot be determined without it. In order to facilitate consistency with regard to the documentation of education, the Service has determined the following:
Internal and external vacancy announcements must include a statement that indicates whether official transcripts, photocopies of transcripts, or other evidence of qualifying education will be required at the time of application. If official transcripts will be required, servicing HCO, ETS, EOs should ensure that timeframes for submitting documents are specified in the vacancy announcement.
Do not require applicants to submit official documents as part of their application package when copies are sufficient. An unofficial transcript or a list of courses, grades earned, completion dates, and quarter or semester hours earned can be used as a substitute for the official transcript at the time applicants apply for a job opening. Once selected and prior to appointment, applicants can provide official documentation, for example, an official transcript if they qualify on education. This will provide the opportunity to verify the information first in the application.
When qualification decisions for new hires (accessions to IRS) or conversions to new appointments are based wholly or in part on completion of education above high school, servicing HCO, ETS, EOs must obtain official proof of completion before or at entrance on duty.
For qualification decisions for IRS applicants for internal IRS vacancy announcements without a minimum educational requirement, servicing HCO, ETS, EOs will rely on the candidate’s certification on the application form or appropriate application vehicle for selectees.
For qualification decisions for IRS applicants for internal IRS announcements with a minimum educational requirement, servicing HCO, ETS, EOs will rely on copies of transcripts or other evidence from the college or university for selectees.
For qualification decisions based on foreign education obtained outside of the United States, servicing HCO, ETS, EOs should visit the Department of Education’s website at: ed. gov or go directly to the National Association of Credential Evaluation Services at: naces .
Documentation of Education for Positions With a Minimum Education Requirement.
IRS internal applicants: For occupations with a minimum education requirement, the following procedures apply:
IRS applicants may certify completed course work on their application as evidence of a degree from an accredited college or university. An applicant may elect the option of downloading transcripts from college/university websites for submission with the application. Photocopies of transcripts are acceptable. For example, the GS-512 occupation standard requires 30 semester hours of accounting or 24 semester hours in accounting and 6 semester hours in related course work.
Servicing HCO, ETS, EOs must obtain copies of transcripts or other appropriate evidence from selectees to verify that they have the required 30 hours of course work and that the education is from an accredited college or university. See the OPM's Qualification Standards for General Schedule Positions for the definition of accredited college or university at the OPM website at: opm. gov/qualifications/index. htm or visit the U. S. Department of Education’s website at: ope. ed. gov/accreditation .
If the selectee is qualifying based on Certified Public Accountant (CPA) credentials, he/she must provide a copy of the certificate to the servicing HCO, ETS, EO.
New hires or conversions to new appointments: For occupations with a minimum educational requirement, the following procedures apply:
When a candidate applies for a position with a minimum education requirement or positive education requirement, the candidate should provide documentation that the applicable education provisions have been met. The candidate may also submit information that outlines educational credentials on an application form, resume, or other appropriate application vehicle. To facilitate verification on the type of degree obtained or course work completed, an applicant may elect to download transcripts from a college or university website for submission with the application. Photocopies of transcripts are acceptable. For example, the GS-512 occupation standard requires 30 semester hours of accounting or 24 semester hours in accounting and 6 semester hours in related course work. The servicing HCO, ETS, EO will need sufficient information that illustrates that the candidate has the required 30 hours of course work.
If the candidate is qualifying based on CPA credentials, the candidate must provide a copy of the certificate to the servicing HCO, ETS, EO.
When a candidate is selected for a position with a minimum education requirement or positive education requirement, the candidate must provide an official college transcript or an original document from the institution’s registrar, dean, or other appropriate official. It must be submitted to the servicing HCO, ETS, EO before or at entrance on duty for verification of the course work , degree, and/or GPA reported on the candidate's application.
The servicing HCO, ETS, EO must verify that the selectee has education from an accredited college or university. See the OPM's Qualification Standards for General Schedule Positions for the definition of accredited college or university at the OPM website at: opm. gov/qualifications or visit the U. S. Department of Education’s website at: ope. ed. gov/accreditation.
Vacancy announcements must include a statement that indicates whether official transcripts, photocopies of transcripts, or other evidence of qualifying education will be required at the time of application. If official transcripts will be required, servicing HCO, ETS, EOs should ensure that timeframes for submitting documents are specified in the vacancy announcement.
Documentation of Education for Occupations Without a Minimum Education Requirement.
IRS internal applicants: For occupations without a minimum educational requirement, the following procedures apply when qualification determinations will be based on a combination of education and experience:
IRS applicants may certify completed course work on their application as evidence of a degree from an accredited college or university. An applicant may elect to submit copies of grade reports or transcript(s) for evidence of appropriate education; however, this is not a requirement.
The servicing HCO, ETS, EO must verify that selectee's education was from an accredited college or university. See the OPM's Qualification Standards for General Schedule Positions for the definition of accredited college or university at the OPM website at: opm. gov/qualifications/index. htm or visit the U. S. Department of Education’s website at: ope. ed. gov/accreditation .
New hires or conversions to new appointments: For occupations without a minimum educational requirement, the following procedures apply when qualification determinations will be based on a combination of education and experience:
Candidates who apply for a position without a minimum education requirement should provide documentation that the applicable education provisions have been met when combined with experience. The candidate may submit information that outlines educational credentials on an application form, resume, or other appropriate application vehicle. To facilitate verification on the type of degree obtained or course work completed, a candidate may elect the option of downloading transcripts from a college or university website for submission with the application or submit a photocopy of a transcript(s).
When an candidate is selected for a position without a minimum education requirement or positive education requirement, the candidate must provide an official college transcript or an original document from the institution’s registrar, dean, or other appropriate official. It must be submitted to the servicing HCO, ETS, EO before or at entrance on duty for verification of the course work, degree, and/or GPA reported on the candidate's application.
The servicing HCO, ETS, EO must verify that the selectee's education was from an accredited college or university. See the OPM's Qualification Standards for General Schedule Positions for the definition of accredited college or university at the OPM website at: opm. gov/qualifications/index. htm or visit the U. S. Department of Education’s website at: ope. ed. gov/accreditation .
Vacancy announcements must include a statement that indicates whether official transcripts, photocopies of transcripts, or other evidence of qualifying education will be required at the time of application. If official transcripts will be required, servicing HCO, ETS, EOs should ensure that timeframes for submitting documents are specified in the vacancy announcement.
Diploma Mills.
Federal agencies are required to establish procedures to prevent fraud and abuse with regard to education obtained through bogus educational institutions known as diploma mills.
When reviewing applications that illustrate education, there should be evidence of progression toward advanced degrees—for example, Bachelor, Masters, Juris Doctor (JD), or Doctorate with a period of time for each degree to be obtained. Generally, there will be evidence of approximately four years or more for an undergraduate degree, and an additional two years or more for a graduate degree, and so on. Inconsistencies from the norm may indicate education fraud. Some applicants have dual majors—this is not to imply that these applicants have bogus degrees. The list below shows some inconsistencies that may be encountered when reviewing applications and would require additional research:
High school diploma or General Education Development (GED) not noted, but application shows advance degrees;
Undergraduate degree not noted, but application shows graduate or doctorate degrees;
Graduate or doctorate received before the lower degree;
One or more degrees received in a short period of time;
Multiple degrees received in the same year;
Same or similar name to legitimate school, but located in a different state; و.
Application shows full-time employment during period of college attendance, particularly if employment and college were in different locations.
The following red flags may signal a bogus educational institution:
Not accredited by a legitimate accrediting institution recognized by the U. S. Department of Education;
Has mail-receiving address, but no physical location of school;
Instead of saying that the school is accredited, the institution uses words like pursuing accreditation, licensed, authorized, (state) approved, recognized, chartered;
Few, if any, full-time staff;
Faculty not listed in catalog;
Preoccupation with degree-identification (long list of degrees follow the names of officials);
Little or no selectivity in admission policy;
Offers "finder’s fee" for new students;
Offers discounts for students who pay in cash;
Tuition and fees are typically on a per-degree basis rather than a per semester, per quarter, or per course basis;
Few, if any, or unspecified, degree requirements;
Offers backdated degrees;
Pictures of the degree, transcript, school ring, and/or accreditation appear in catalog or on website;
Degrees can be obtained in a short time frame, sometimes as little as 7-10 days; و.
Emphasis placed on credit for work experience and prior life experience.
To see a list of recently reported diploma mills, visit the State of Oregon’s website at: osac. state. or. us/oda/unaccredited. html . Additional information on diploma mills can be found at chea/ and at the Department of Education at: ed. gov/students/prep/college/diplomamills/diploma-mills. html .
When verifying the legitimacy of the degree, it is important to rely on reputable sources. Accrediting institutions can be as bogus as the schools they claim to accredit, so both the school and the accreditation may need to be verified. OPM’s OPM's Qualification Standards for General Schedule Positions lists a number of publications under References and Sources, including the Directory of Postsecondary Institutions-- a publication of the U. S. Department of Education and National Center for Education Statistics, to verify degrees. Additionally, the U. S. Department of Education shows Nationally Recognized Accrediting Agencies on its website at: ed. gov/admins/finaid/accred/index. html . Regional agencies linked to this website are recognized by the U. S. Secretary of Education as reliable authorities concerning the quality of education or training offered by the institutions of higher education or higher education programs they accredit.
There are some colleges that choose not to be accredited. This does not mean that these colleges are diploma mills; however, the education cannot be used to meet minimum qualification requirements for Federal jobs.
Single Agency Qualification Standards for GS-905 Occupational Series.
All qualification standards with the exception of the Attorney Series, GS-905 are now included in OPM’s OPM's Qualification Standards for General Schedule Positions. Section II of the manual contains guidance, general policies and instructions for interpretation of the qualification standards; Section V contains test requirements; and Section VI contains medical requirements.
OPM does not publish qualification standards for attorney positions but allows agencies to set their own qualification requirements. Generally a Bachelor of Laws (LL. B.) or Juris Doctor (J. D.) degree and membership in a state bar are required. The entry-level grade is usually GS-9, but those with experience may qualify for higher grades.
The OPM Classification Standard for General Attorney Series, GS-905 provides the authority for the requirements stated in this IRM. By OPM’s definition, the work of the General Attorney Series, GS-905, requires admission to the bar. Thus, OPM recognizes that admission to the bar is a requirement for the Attorney, GS-905 position. Failure to maintain membership in a state bar provides grounds for removal. See McGean v. National Labor Relations Board, 15 M. S.P. R. 49 (1983) . The IRS has an obligation to ensure attorneys maintain Agency qualification standards for the position. The standard certification requirements described below in IRM 6.338.1.13.1 were developed by a workgroup comprised of representatives from General Legal Services, Embedded Small Business/Self-Employed, and HCO – Workforce Relations, HCO, ETS, Policy and Programs Office, and Classification.
The Service has established minimum qualification standards for GS-905 and GS-904 occupations within the IRS. These standards are located in the following portions of this IRM:
General Attorney, GS-905 qualification requirements are described in IRM 6.338.13.2.
Attorney, Estate and Gift Tax qualification requirements are described in IRM 6.338.1.13.3.
Law Clerk, GS-904 qualification requirements are described in IRM 6.338.1.13.4.
Suitability requirements regarding excepted service appointments can be found in IRM 6.731.1 , Suitability Determinations for Employment .
Bar Membership Certification for All IRS Attorneys.
The qualifications for an Attorney, GS-905 position in the Service require an LL. B or J. D. Degree and "admission to the bar." "Admission to the bar" means any status for which the Attorney is authorized to practice law in at least one State, a territory, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, or the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. In jurisdictions which have dual status options, active and inactive, this normally means an attorney must maintain an active status.
Employees appointed as a Federal Attorney, GS-905, must maintain the level of bar membership permitting them to be authorized to practice law. Since authorization to practice as an attorney may vary from state to state, varying documentation may demonstrate that an attorney meets the job qualifications as a Federal attorney. At a minimum the documentation must show:
The Attorney is currently authorized to practice law within their bar licensing state or other applicable jurisdiction.
If a state jurisdiction allows the attorney to practice law in their state as an attorney for a Federal government entity in an inactive status, the documentation submitted in this respect should clearly state this.
The employee will submit appropriate documentation no later than July 31st, of each year. Managers will certify that they have received this information on the Annual Certification to Practice Law and maintain a copy in the Employee Performance File (EPF). See Exhibit 6.338.1-1 for an example of the certification document.
Determination of the level of authority that will receive and maintain the immediate manager’s annual certification will be made by the BOD.
Bar membership certification involving bargaining unit employees is subject to the procedures outlined in the Memorandum of Understanding implemented effective June 29th, 2009.
Minimum Education and Experience Requirements for Attorneys (General)
The minimum education requirement for the General Attorney Series GS-905-09 is the first professional law degree (LL. B or J. D.).
The minimum education and experience requirements for the General Attorney GS-905-11 are:
GS-09 requirement plus one year of professional legal experience; أو.
GS-09 requirement plus the second professional law degree, Masters of Law (L. L.M) which requires one full year of graduate study.
For GS-905-12 to GS-905-15 General Attorney Positions: Professional experience following law school will be considered in determining the appropriate grade level for which an applicant is qualified. In addition, consistent with Group Coverage Standards for General Schedule Positions, the following experience is required:
GS-12 – 1 year of specialized experience that is typically in or related to the work of the position to be filled and equivalent to the next lower grade.
GS-13 – 1 year of specialized experience that is typically in or related to the work of the position to be filled and equivalent to the next lower grade.
GS-14 – 1 year of specialized experience that is typically in or related to the work of the position to be filled and equivalent to the next lower grade.
GS-15 – 1 year of specialized experience that is typically in or related to the work of the position to be filled and equivalent to the next lower grade.
Standardized competencies have not been developed for all attorney positions. Specific competencies should be developed based on the position to be filled as appropriate.
Education and Experience Requirements for the GS-905 (Estate Tax) Attorneys.
The minimum education requirement for the GS-905-09 (Estate Tax) Attorney position is the first professional law degree (LL. B or J. D.).
The minimum education and experience requirements for the GS-905-11 (Estate Tax) Attorney position are:
GS-09 requirement plus one year of professional legal experience; أو.
GS-09 requirement plus the second professional law degree (LL. M.), which requires one full year of graduate study; أو.
GS-09 requirement plus successful completion of a minimum of 24 semester hours (or 36 quarter hours) in accounting and auditing subjects at a member or associate member school of the American Association of Collegiate Schools of Business, or at a residence school above the high school level; أو.
GS-09 requirement plus the possession of a certificate as Certified Public Accountant obtained through written examination in a State, Territory or the District of Columbia, provided the certificate number, date, place of issuance, and whether the certificate was obtained through written examination are clearly stated in the application.
Applicants may also qualify for the GS-905-11 (Estate Tax) Attorney position if the first professional law degree (LL. B or J. D.) is acquired and the applicant’s record shows superior law student work or activities, as demonstrated by one of the following:
Academic standing in the upper third of the law school graduating class; أو.
Work or achievement of significance on the law school’s official law review; أو.
Special high-level honors for academic excellence in law school, such as election to the Order of the Coif; أو.
Winning of a moot court competition or membership on the moot court team which represents the law school in competition with other law schools; أو.
Full-time or continuous participation during at least one school year in legal aid program as opposed to one-time, intermittent, or casual participation; أو.
Summer law office clerk experience which involved legal or quasi-legal, not clerical, work; أو.
Other equivalent evidence of clearly superior achievement.
Minimum education and experience requirements for positions above GS-11 are the requirements for the next lower grade, plus one-year experience in Federal Estate Tax work at, or comparable to the next lower grade.
When all the following conditions are met, certain experience gained in the Internal Revenue Service may also be accepted as qualifying for the GS-905 (Estate Tax) Attorney positions, GS-11 and GS-12.
Employee’s educational attainments, or experience, or combination of the two, substantially exceed those required at the next lower grade under these standards and clearly indicate ability to perform work of the type to be assigned. Such education and/or experience (e. g. as a Revenue Agent, Special Agent, Revenue Officer, or Supervisory Tax Technician, etc.) must be evaluated on its individual merit with respect to the duties, degree of independence, and responsibility typical of the level of the position to be filled; و.
Employee meets the minimum requirements for appointment to the GS-905 (Estate Tax) Attorney position (i. e., the first professional law degree - LL. B or J. D. - plus admission to the bar of the type that authorizes the practice of law); و.
Employee has a minimum of 3 years of professional or quasi-professional experience, at least six months of which must have been at the same grade level of the position to be filled; و.
Employee has the background, ability, and interest to perform satisfactorily the duties of the position to be filled.
If after lateral appointment is made under the above conditions, the employee appointed will be expected to clearly demonstrate his/her ability to perform the work of his/her new position in a satisfactory and professional manner before he/she is promoted to a higher-graded GS-905 (Estate Tax) Attorney position.
Duties, Knowledges, Skills and Abilities for GS-905 (Estate Tax) Attorneys.
Attorneys (Estate Tax) and Law Clerks (Estate Tax) generally determine the liability for Federal Estate and Gift taxes. Successful performance as an Attorney (Estate Tax) requires the knowledge of and the ability to interpret and apply State and local laws in determining property or property interests included in a deceased person’s estate and Federal laws and regulations relating to estate and gift tax.
The Attorney (Estate Tax) must use:
Knowledge of business, financial and accounting and property appraisal methods for the valuation of real and personal property and other property interests of the deceased person;
Ability to analyze numerous facts and allegations and determine their acceptability and completeness;
Ability to search for, locate and develop information from a wide variety of sources (legal documents and records, realtors, attorneys, accountants, members of the decedent’s family, appraisers; etc.);
Ability to apply judgment and make decisions in determining liability for Federal Estate and Gift taxes while making proper legal references to court decisions, precedent, etc;
Skill in oral and written expression to report, explain and convince others with regard to all significant findings; و.
Effectiveness in personal contacts.
Standard Oral Interview for GS-905 (Estate Tax) Attorneys.
Candidates who meet the minimum education requirements will be required to report for an interview to determine whether they possess the personal qualities essential to successful performance in the position. The interview findings will be based on the observance and evaluation of highly important personal characteristics. (The final rating on the interview will not take into account the applicant's technical knowledge of a subject or employment history).
Notice will be given in advance of the date and place of the standard interview. Candidates may be required to pay their own expenses for any travel necessary for these interviews.
Only those applicants who affirmatively demonstrate the personal qualities necessary for successful performance of the duties of the position will be determined eligible for appointment.
Qualification Inquiry for GS-905 (Estate Tax) Attorneys.
The qualification inquiry by means of personal investigation or by voucher may be conducted during the rating process.
The inquiry is designed to secure information needed to assist in the determination of the quality level of the applicant's experience, general suitability for Federal employment, and the appropriate number of bonus points to be assigned.
Inquiry shall be made of a minimum of three persons who have personal knowledge of the applicant's work or educational background. Present supervisors shall not be contacted if the applicant indicates that such contact shall not be made. If less than three persons are available, an explanation of the fact must be entered in the record.
Minimum Education and Experience Requirements for Law Clerk.
There are no separate standards for the position of Law Clerk, GS-904. Applicants who meet all requirements except for bar membership may be appointed to the position of Law Clerk, GS-904. Applicants so appointed must be admitted to the bar within 14 months or be separated.
Determining the Normal Line of Progression.
In some instances, there may not be a position one grade lower in the normal line of progression or the organization may not have a position that is one level lower than the position to be filled. In such instances, for internal placement actions only, one year of specialized experience equivalent to the second lower level within the organization is creditable. For outside applicants (i. e., those without current or prior Federal competitive or excepted service), one year of specialized experience equivalent to at least the next lower level is required. This guidance is based on the OPM Qualification Standards for GS Positions, Policies and Instructions, Section E, Paragraph 3(o). In determining whether there is a position at the next lower level in the normal line of progression, the organizational structure is considered. The organizational structure is defined as the organizational entity under the immediate supervisory position. This provision addresses positions properly classified within existing organizations:
If a position to be filled is supervisory, the organizational entity is the unit directly under that supervisory position. Within this entity, any position one grade lower and directly subordinate to the supervisory position is in the normal line of progression, if the experience in the subordinate position is qualifying for the position (e. g., a Unit Manager position is vacant, the positions within that Unit constitute the organizational entity, or a Section Chief position is vacant, the positions within that section constitute the organizational entity).
If the position to be filled is non-supervisory, the organizational entity is the unit under the immediate supervisor of the position to be filled. Within this entity, any position one grade lower than the position to be filled is in the normal line of progression if the experience in the subordinate position is qualifying for the position to be filled.
Though a position may exist in the next lower level within an organization, the position must also be qualifying for the position to be filled. If it is not, then a second lower banded/graded position may be used.
Based on OPM's Qualification Standards for General Schedule Positions, Policies and Instructions, Section E, Paragraph 3(n): One year specialized experience provision for banded positions--If groups of positions have been placed in pay or grade bands that group two or more GS grades together, HCO, ETS, EOs will need to define the type and level of experience required to perform the work of the position to be filled. Positions in the DM and SM paybands are defined by supervisory knowledge, abilities and skills. The level of experience required to perform the work of the position to be filled is determined by the placement in the organization, within the payband, and the level of progressively responsible experience in the managerial field. Applicants need only one year of the identified experience, either equivalent to a lower level within the band or to the next lower level band. Employees entering a position in a payband that encompasses a single GS grade or two or more GS grades must:
Have at least one year specialized experience equivalent to the next lower payband or grade; و.
Meet the required quality and level of experience to be eligible to compete for jobs in the next higher-level payband.
Below are examples of qualification determinations when there is no position at the next lower level in the normal line of progression within an organizational structure:
Example 1 : The business unit has a vacant IR-332-06 (FM-12) frontline manager position in the Mainframe Operations Branch. There is no intervening IR-07 (FM-11) or GS-11 in the normal line of progression in the Mainframe Operations Branch. An IR-332-08 (FM-10) Frontline Manager can be promoted to the IR-332-06 (FM-12) position, provided he/she has one year of specialized experience equivalent to the IR-08.
Example 2 : The business unit has a vacant frontline manager position, IR-962-07 (FM-11) in the Accounts Management Operations Unit. There is no intervening IR-08 (FM-10) or GS-10 in the normal line of progression in the Accounts Management Operations Unit. A Lead GS-962-09 can be promoted to the IR-962-07 (FM-11) position, provided he/she has one year of specialized experience equivalent to the IR-09.
Example 3 : An IR-09 (FM-09) frontline manager applies for a vacant IR-340-02 DM position (encompasses GS-11, 12, & 13) located in the Compliance Services Operations Department. To qualify the IR-09 (FM-09) must possess one-year of specialized experience equivalent to next lower level of the IR-340-02 position, which would be IR-08 (FM-10) or GS-10. However, there is no intervening IR-08 or GS-10 in the normal line of progression under the DM position, the IR-09 (FM-09) is eligible and can be promoted into the vacant IR-340-02 DM position provided he/she meets the specialized experience and the quality and level of experience required to compete at the next higher-level payband.
Qualifications for IRS Payband System Positions.
As required by 5 USC § 9509(b)(3), employees covered under the IRS Payband System are to be treated as if they are GS employees for the purpose of applying other laws and regulations governing GS employees, except as otherwise provided in 65 FR 79433, OPM Criteria for IRS Broadbanding Systems. The IRS Payband System covers the Senior Manager (SM), Department Manager (DM), and Frontline Manager (FM) paybands as follows:
SM – multi-graded payband that encompasses second level managerial positions and first level managerial positions that report directly to a member of the Senior Executive Service and formerly classified at the GS-14 and 15 grade levels.
DM – multi-graded payband that encompasses second level managerial positions located in the Service Centers and formerly classified at the GS-11, 12 and 13 grade levels.
FM – single-graded paybands that encompass managerial positions not covered under the SM or DM paybands and formerly classified at the GS-5 through 15 grade levels.
In accordance with OPM’s OPM's Qualification Standards for General Schedule Positions and Supervisory Guide, employees must demonstrate in their work experience and/or training that they possess the ability to perform successfully the duties of a specific supervisory position, and must demonstrate the ability to acquire the particular knowledge, skills and competencies for successful performance.
Time-in-grade requirements do not apply under the IRS Payband System. Time-in-band is not applicable.
Specialized Experience.
Movement from one payband to another payband, or from a GS grade into a payband that encompasses one or more GS grade levels, requires one year of specialized experience equivalent to the next lower level payband or GS grade in the normal line of progression. Specialized experience must demonstrate the knowledge, skills, and abilities necessary for successful job performance and is typically in or related to the work of the position to be filled.
Certification Process for Qualifying Campus Department Managers for Senior Manager Positions in the 340/343 Series.
A process has been established for the BOD Embedded HR Director(s) to certify that the specialized experience of a Campus DM IR-340-02 Program Manager position is qualifying experience for the IR-340-01 and IR-343-01 SM positions. By signing and dating the Certification Statement for Campus Department Managers in Exhibit 6.338.1-2, the Embedded HR Director(s) where the DM position is located, is certifying that the specialized experience in the IR-340-02 position is qualifying for IR-340-01 and IR-343-01 SM positions and that the candidates with one year of DM experience:
Possess the necessary level of management skills, abilities, and attributes to successfully perform the work of the position; و.
Possess the necessary level of professional/technical competence for the position.
This certification should be retained within the BODs and with the HCO, ETS, EOs to support these qualification determinations. Upon certification of qualifying experience, HCO, ETS, EOs document the DM applicant’s possession of the required one year specialized experience during the rating process on a qualification sheet.
This signed certification statement applies only to IR-340-02, Program Managers who are applying for IR-340-01 or IR-343-01 SM positions. It is important to note that DM candidates, who are determined minimally qualified using this certification process, will be qualified for IR-340-01 and IR-343-01 SM positions Servicewide.
Servicing HCO, ETS, EOs are responsible for ensuring and documenting that each DM applicant possesses the required one year of specialized experience. Thus, for competitive actions, servicing HCO, ETS, EOs must include the following in each merit promotion package:
A statement that indicates the certification was used along with the OPM OPM's Qualification Standards for General Schedule Positions to determine if each applicant met the minimum qualification requirements of the position;
A copy of the signed certification statement; و.
A qualification sheet for each applicant, annotated to reflect the certification was utilized to assist the rater in making the minimum qualification determination.
For competitive and non-competitive actions, the remarks section for the Personnel Action Request (PAR) should be annotated to reflect the certification process was utilized in making the qualification determination.
Management Selection Program for Payband Positions.
IRM 6.335.1.22, Management Selection Program (MSP), outlines the competitive process for employees who apply for IRS payband positions through the MSP process. HCO, ETS, EOs must follow this staffing qualification guidance for selection of all temporary and permanent managers (except Executives) Servicewide who apply through MSP.
Highest Previous Rate and Temporary Promotions in the Payband.
Highest Previous Rate will not be used to set pay upon termination of a temporary promotion into or out of a position covered by the IRS Payband System, regardless of the length of the temporary promotion. Upon termination of the temporary promotion, pay will be set as if the temporary promotion had not occurred. Refer to the IRS Pay Setting Guide, Chapter 11, Paybands, the Frontline Manager Payband Pay Administration Guidance, dated December 29, 2005 (amended July 2006), and the Senior Manager and Department Manager Paybands Pay Administration Guidance dated March 19, 2006, for additional guidance.
Maximum Entry Age Restrictions.
5 USC § 3307(d) prohibits the establishment of a maximum entry age for Federal positions, except as provided below.
5 USC § 3307 authorizes the head of an agency to establish a maximum entry age for original appointment to positions of law enforcement officers or firefighters; و.
29 USC § 633a permits agencies to establish a maximum age requirement only in instances where they have proven to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission that age is a bona fide occupational qualification necessary for the performance of the duties of a particular position.
5 USC § 3312 (a)(1) requires federal agencies to waive maximum age rules for veterans' preference-eligible applicants unless the age requirement is essential to the performance of the work.
Treasury has determined that individuals selected for Criminal Investigator or law enforcement positions will not exceed a maximum age entry requirement of 36 years of age on the date of their selection. The date immediately preceding the individual’s 37th birthday will be the final date for selection. Preference eligibles described in (2) above are allowed to apply and be considered regardless of age.
Minimum Entry Age Restrictions.
5 USC § 3301 authorizes the establishment of a minimum entry age for Federal positions. Unless otherwise specified, applicants for positions in the Service must be at least 18 years of age, or 16 years of age with the following conditions:
Have graduated from high school or been awarded a certificate equivalent to graduating from high school; أو.
Have completed a formal vocational training program; أو.
Have received a statement from school authorities agreeing with their preference for employment rather than continuing their education; أو.
Be currently enrolled in a secondary school and either work only during school vacation periods or work part-time during the school year under a formal student employment program.
Additional information relating to minimum entry age requirements can be found in the OPM's Qualification Standards for General Schedule Positions (Policies and Instructions, Other requirements or provisions), and 5 CFR § 551.601.
Physical and Medical Standards (General)
Information pertaining to medical and physical qualifications required of certain occupations can be located in IRM 6.339.1 , Medical Qualification Determination Requirements, 5 CFR Part 339, and 5 CFR Part 930.
Motor Vehicle Operators.
Detailed qualification standards for motor vehicle operators and incidental motor vehicle operators can be found in the OPM's Qualification Standards for General Schedule Positions Handbook.
Medical and physical requirements for motor vehicle operators are located in IRM 6.339.1, Medical Qualification Determination Requirements.
Annual Certification to Practice Law.
Certification Statement for Campus Department Managers.
This certification will be used in conjunction with OPM’s Qualification Standard for General Schedule Positions and the OPM Supervisory Guide.

Job qualification system for trades and labor occupational handbook

The OOH can help you find career information on duties, education and training, pay, and outlook for hundreds of occupations.
OCCUPATION GROUPS.
SELECT OCCUPATIONS BY.
FEATURED OCCUPATION.
Funeral Service Workers.
Funeral service workers organize and manage the details of a funeral.
Insurance underwriters decide whether to provide insurance, and under what terms. They evaluate insurance applications and determine coverage amounts and premiums.
الكمبيوتر والمعلومات علماء البحوث.
ويقوم علماء أبحاث الحاسوب والمعلومات باختراع وتصميم نهج جديدة لتكنولوجيا الحوسبة وإيجاد استخدامات مبتكرة للتكنولوجيا القائمة. انهم دراسة وحل المشاكل المعقدة في الحوسبة للأعمال التجارية والطب والعلوم، وغيرها من المجالات.
Mathematicians and Statisticians.
Mathematicians and statisticians analyze data and apply mathematical and statistical techniques to help solve real-world problems in business, engineering, healthcare, or other fields.
Atmospheric Scientists, Including Meteorologists.
Atmospheric scientists study the weather and climate, and examine how those conditions affect human activity and the earth in general.
Economists study the production and distribution of resources, goods, and services by collecting and analyzing data, researching trends, and evaluating economic issues.
Health Educators and Community Health Workers.
Health educators teach people about behaviors that promote wellness. They develop and implement strategies to improve the health of individuals and communities. Community health workers collect data and discuss health concerns with members of specific populations or communities..
Court reporters create word-for-word transcriptions at trials, depositions, and other legal proceedings. Some court reporters provide captioning for television and real-time translation for deaf or hard-of-hearing people at public events, in business meetings, or in classrooms.
Dietitians and Nutritionists.
Dietitians and nutritionists are experts in the use of food and nutrition to promote health and manage disease. They advise people on what to eat in order to lead a healthy lifestyle or achieve a specific health-related goal.
Audiologists diagnose, manage, and treat a patient’s hearing, balance, or ear problems.
Travel agents sell transportation, lodging, and entertainment activities to individuals and groups planning trips. They offer advice on destinations, plan trip itineraries, and make travel arrangements for clients.
Electricians install, maintain, and repair electrical power, communications, lighting, and control systems in homes, businesses, and factories.
Advertising, Promotions, and Marketing Managers.
Advertising, promotions, and marketing managers plan programs to generate interest in products or services. They work with art directors, sales agents, and financial staff members.
Sales managers direct sales teams. They set sales goals, analyze data, and develop training programs for organizations’ sales representatives.
Administrative Services Managers.
Administrative services managers plan, direct, and coordinate supportive services of an organization. Their specific responsibilities vary, but administrative service managers typically maintain facilities and supervise activities that include recordkeeping, mail distribution, and office upkeep.
مدراء نظم المعلومات ونظم المعلومات.
ويتولى مديرو الحاسوب ونظم المعلومات، الذين يدعون غالبا مديري تكنولوجيا المعلومات (إيت) أو مديري مشاريع تكنولوجيا المعلومات، تخطيط وتنسيق وتوجيه الأنشطة المتصلة بالحواسيب في المنظمة. وهي تساعد في تحديد أهداف تكنولوجيا المعلومات في المنظمة وهي مسؤولة عن تنفيذ نظم الحاسوب لتحقيق تلك الأهداف.
Financial managers are responsible for the financial health of an organization. They produce financial reports, direct investment activities, and develop strategies and plans for the long-term financial goals of their organization.
Compensation and Benefits Managers.
Compensation managers plan, develop, and oversee programs to determine how much an organization pays its employees and how employees are paid. Benefits managers plan, direct, and coordinate retirement plans, health insurance, and other benefits that an organization offers its employees.
Training and Development Managers.
Training and development managers oversee staff and plan, direct, and coordinate programs to enhance the knowledge and skills of an organization’s employees.
Human Resources Managers.
Human resources managers plan, direct, and coordinate the administrative functions of an organization. They oversee the recruiting, interviewing, and hiring of new staff; consult with top executives on strategic planning; and serve as a link between an organization’s management and its employees.
Industrial Production Managers.
Industrial production managers oversee the daily operations of manufacturing and related plants. They coordinate, plan, and direct the activities used to create a wide range of goods, such as cars, computer equipment, or paper products.
Farmers, Ranchers, and Other Agricultural Managers.
Farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers operate establishments that produce crops, livestock, and dairy products.
Construction managers plan, coordinate, budget, and supervise construction projects from start to finish.
Preschool and Childcare Center Directors.
Preschool and childcare center directors supervise and lead their staffs, design program plans, oversee daily activities, and prepare budgets. They are responsible for all aspects of their center’s program.
Elementary, Middle, and High School Principals.
Elementary, middle, and high school principals manage all school operations, including daily school activities. They coordinate curriculums, oversee teachers and other school staff, and provide a safe and productive learning environment for students.
Postsecondary Education Administrators.
Postsecondary education administrators oversee student services, academics, and faculty research at colleges and universities. Their job duties vary depending on the area of the college they manage, such as admissions, student life, or the registrar’s office.
Architectural and Engineering Managers.
Architectural and engineering managers plan, direct, and coordinate activities in architectural and engineering companies.
Food Service Managers.
Food service managers are responsible for the daily operation of restaurants or other establishments that prepare and serve food and beverages. They direct staff to ensure that customers are satisfied with their dining experience, and they manage the business to ensure that it is profitable.
Lodging managers ensure that guests on vacation or business travel have a pleasant experience at a hotel, motel, or other types of establishment with accommodations. They also ensure that the establishment is run efficiently and profitably.
Medical and Health Services Managers.
Medical and health services managers, also called healthcare executives or healthcare administrators, plan, direct, and coordinate medical and health services. They might manage an entire facility, a specific clinical area or department, or a medical practice for a group of physicians. Medical and health services managers must direct changes that conform to changes in healthcare laws, regulations, and technology.
Natural Sciences Managers.
Natural sciences managers supervise the work of scientists, including chemists, physicists, and biologists. They direct activities related to research and development, and coordinate activities such as testing, quality control, and production.
Property, Real Estate, and Community Association Managers.
Property, real estate, and community association managers take care of the many aspects of residential, commercial, or industrial properties. They make sure the property is well maintained, has a nice appearance, and preserves its resale or leasing value.
Social and Community Service Managers.
Social and community service managers coordinate and supervise social service programs and community organizations. They manage workers who provide social services to the public.
Top executives devise strategies and policies to ensure that an organization meets its goals. وهي تخطط وتوجه وتنسق الأنشطة التنفيذية للشركات والمنظمات.
Claims Adjusters, Appraisers, Examiners, and Investigators.
Claims adjusters, appraisers, examiners, and investigators evaluate insurance claims. They decide whether an insurance company must pay a claim, and if so, how much.
Cost estimators collect and analyze data in order to estimate the time, money, materials, and labor required to manufacture a product, construct a building, or provide a service. They generally specialize in a particular product or industry.
Human Resources Specialists.
Human resources specialists recruit, screen, interview, and place workers. They often handle other human resources work, such as those related to employee relations, compensation and benefits, and training.
Management analysts, often called management consultants, propose ways to improve an organization’s efficiency. They advise managers on how to make organizations more profitable through reduced costs and increased revenues.
Meeting, Convention, and Event Planners.
Meeting, convention, and event planners coordinate all aspects of events and professional meetings. They arrange meeting locations, transportation, and other details.
Accountants and Auditors.
Accountants and auditors prepare and examine financial records. They ensure that financial records are accurate and that taxes are paid properly and on time. Accountants and auditors assess financial operations and work to help ensure that organizations run efficiently.
Appraisers and Assessors of Real Estate.
Appraisers and assessors of real estate provide a value estimate on land and buildings usually before they are sold, mortgaged, taxed, insured, or developed.
Budget analysts help public and private institutions organize their finances. They prepare budget reports and monitor institutional spending.
Financial analysts provide guidance to businesses and individuals making investment decisions. They assess the performance of stocks, bonds, and other types of investments.
Personal Financial Advisors.
Personal financial advisors provide advice on investments, insurance, mortgages, college savings, estate planning, taxes, and retirement to help individuals manage their finances.
Financial examiners ensure compliance with laws governing financial institutions and transactions. They review balance sheets, evaluate the risk level of loans, and assess bank management.
Loan officers evaluate, authorize, or recommend approval of loan applications for people and businesses.
Tax Examiners and Collectors, and Revenue Agents.
Tax examiners and collectors, and revenue agents determine how much is owed in taxes and collect tax from individuals and businesses on behalf of federal, state, and local governments. They review tax returns, conduct audits, identify taxes owed, and collect overdue tax payments.
يقوم مبرمجو الكمبيوتر بكتابة واختبار الكود الذي يسمح لتطبيقات الكمبيوتر وبرامج الكمبيوتر بالعمل بشكل صحيح. أنها تتحول تصاميم البرنامج التي تم إنشاؤها من قبل مطوري البرمجيات والمهندسين إلى تعليمات أن الكمبيوتر يمكن أن يتبع.
مطوري البرمجيات هم العقول المبدعة وراء برامج الكمبيوتر. بعض تطوير التطبيقات التي تسمح للناس للقيام بمهام محددة على جهاز كمبيوتر أو جهاز آخر. ويقوم آخرون بتطوير الأنظمة الأساسية التي تدير الأجهزة أو شبكات التحكم تلك.
Computer Support Specialists.
Computer support specialists provide help and advice to computer users and organizations. These specialists either support computer networks or they provide technical assistance directly to computer users.
محللون نظم الكمبيوتر.
Computer systems analysts, sometimes called systems architects, study an organization’s current computer systems and procedures, and design solutions to help the organization operate more efficiently and effectively. فهي تجلب الأعمال وتكنولوجيا المعلومات معا من خلال فهم الاحتياجات والقيود على حد سواء.
Database administrators (DBAs) use specialized software to store and organize data, such as financial information and customer shipping records. وهي تتأكد من توفر البيانات للمستخدمين وتأمين الوصول غير المصرح به.
مسؤولو أنظمة الشبكة والحاسوب.
شبكات الكمبيوتر هي أجزاء حاسمة من كل منظمة تقريبا. مسؤولو أنظمة الشبكة والكمبيوتر مسؤولون عن التشغيل اليومي لهذه الشبكات.
Actuaries analyze the financial costs of risk and uncertainty. They use mathematics, statistics, and financial theory to assess the risk of potential events, and they help businesses and clients develop policies that minimize the cost of that risk. Actuaries’ work is essential to the insurance industry.
Operations Research Analysts.
Operations research analysts use advanced mathematical and analytical methods to help organizations investigate complex issues, identify and solve problems, and make better decisions.
Architects plan and design houses, factories, office buildings, and other structures.
Landscape architects design parks and the outdoor spaces of campuses, recreational facilities, private homes, and other open areas.
Cartographers and Photogrammetrists.
Cartographers and photogrammetrists collect, measure, and interpret geographic information in order to create and update maps and charts for regional planning, education, emergency response, and other purposes.
Surveyors make precise measurements to determine property boundaries. They provide data relevant to the shape and contour of the Earth’s surface for engineering, mapmaking, and construction projects.
Aerospace engineers design primarily aircraft, spacecraft, satellites, and missiles. In addition, they test prototypes to make sure that they function according to design.
Biomedical engineers combine engineering principles with medical sciences to design and create equipment, devices, computer systems, and software used in healthcare.
Chemical engineers apply the principles of chemistry, biology, physics, and math to solve problems that involve the production or use of chemicals, fuel, drugs, food, and many other products. They design processes and equipment for large-scale manufacturing, plan and test production methods and byproducts treatment, and direct facility operations.
Civil engineers conceive, design, build, supervise, operate, construct, and maintain infrastructure projects and systems in the public and private sector, including roads, buildings, airports, tunnels, dams, bridges, and systems for water supply and sewage treatment.
الكمبيوتر مهندس الأجهزة.
يقوم مهندسو أجهزة الكمبيوتر بالبحث وتصميم وتطوير واختبار أنظمة الكمبيوتر ومكوناته مثل المعالجات ولوحات الدوائر وأجهزة الذاكرة والشبكات والموجهات.
Electrical and Electronics Engineers.
Electrical engineers design, develop, test, and supervise the manufacturing of electrical equipment, such as electric motors, radar and navigation systems, communications systems, and power generation equipment. Electronics engineers design and develop electronic equipment, including broadcast and communications systems, such as portable music players and Global Positioning System (GPS) devices.
Environmental engineers use the principles of engineering, soil science, biology, and chemistry to develop solutions to environmental problems. They work to improve recycling, waste disposal, public health, and water and air pollution control.
Industrial engineers find ways to eliminate wastefulness in production processes. They devise efficient systems that integrate workers, machines, materials, information, and energy to make a product or provide a service.
Marine Engineers and Naval Architects.
Marine engineers and naval architects design, build, and maintain ships, from aircraft carriers to submarines and from sailboats to tankers. Marine engineers are responsible for the internal systems of a ship, such as the propulsion, electrical, refrigeration, and steering systems. Naval architects are responsible for the ship design, including the form, structure, and stability of hulls.
Materials engineers develop, process, and test materials used to create a wide range of products, from computer chips and aircraft wings to golf clubs and biomedical devices. They study the properties and structures of metals, ceramics, plastics, composites, nanomaterials (extremely small substances), and other substances in order to create new materials that meet certain mechanical, electrical, and chemical requirements.
Mechanical engineers design, develop, build, and test mechanical and thermal sensors and devices, including tools, engines, and machines.
Mining and Geological Engineers.
Mining and geological engineers design mines to safely and efficiently remove minerals such as coal and metals for use in manufacturing and utilities.
Nuclear engineers research and develop the processes, instruments, and systems used to derive benefits from nuclear energy and radiation. Many of these engineers find industrial and medical uses for radioactive materials—for example, in equipment used in medical diagnosis and treatment.
Petroleum engineers design and develop methods for extracting oil and gas from deposits below the Earth’s surface. Petroleum engineers also find new ways to extract oil and gas from older wells.
Drafters use software to convert the designs of engineers and architects into technical drawings. Most workers specialize in architectural, civil, electrical, or mechanical drafting and use technical drawings to help design everything from microchips to skyscrapers.
Civil Engineering Technicians.
Civil engineering technicians help civil engineers to plan, design, and build highways, bridges, utilities, and other infrastructure projects. They also help to plan, design, and build commercial, industrial, residential, and land development projects.
Environmental Engineering Technicians.
Environmental engineering technicians carry out the plans that environmental engineers develop. They test, operate, and, if necessary, modify equipment used to prevent or clean up environmental pollution. They may collect samples for testing, or they may work to mitigate sources of environmental pollution.
Industrial Engineering Technicians.
Industrial engineering technicians assist industrial engineers in devising efficient systems that integrate workers, machines, materials, information, and energy to make a product or provide a service. They prepare machinery and equipment layouts, plan workflows, conduct statistical production studies, and analyze production costs.
Mechanical Engineering Technicians.
Mechanical engineering technicians help mechanical engineers design, develop, test, and manufacture mechanical devices, including tools, engines, and machines. They may make sketches and rough layouts, record and analyze data, make calculations and estimates, and report their findings.
Market Research Analysts.
Market research analysts study market conditions to examine potential sales of a product or service. They help companies understand what products people want, who will buy them, and at what price.
Surveying and Mapping Technicians.
Surveying and mapping technicians collect data and make maps of the Earth&apos:s surface. Surveying technicians visit sites to take measurements of the land. Mapping technicians use geographic data to create maps. They both assist surveyors and cartographers and photogrammetrists.
Agricultural and Food Scientists.
Agricultural and food scientists research ways to improve the efficiency and safety of agricultural establishments and products.
Biochemists and Biophysicists.
Biochemists and biophysicists study the chemical and physical principles of living things and of biological processes, such as cell development, growth, heredity, and disease.
Microbiologists study microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, algae, fungi, and some types of parasites. They try to understand how these organisms live, grow, and interact with their environments.
Zoologists and Wildlife Biologists.
Zoologists and wildlife biologists study animals and other wildlife and how they interact with their ecosystems. They study the physical characteristics of animals, animal behaviors, and the impacts humans have on wildlife and natural habitats.
Epidemiologists are public health professionals who investigate patterns and causes of disease and injury in humans. They seek to reduce the risk and occurrence of negative health outcomes through research, community education, and health policy.
Medical scientists conduct research aimed at improving overall human health. They often use clinical trials and other investigative methods to reach their findings.
Physicists and Astronomers.
Physicists and astronomers study the ways in which various forms of matter and energy interact. Theoretical physicists and astronomers may study the nature of time or the origin of the universe. Some physicists design and perform experiments with sophisticated equipment such as particle accelerators, electron microscopes, and lasers.
Chemists and Materials Scientists.
Chemists and materials scientists study substances at the atomic and molecular levels and analyze the ways in which the substances interact with one another. They use their knowledge to develop new and improved products and to test the quality of manufactured goods.
Environmental Scientists and Specialists.
Environmental scientists and specialists use their knowledge of the natural sciences to protect the environment and human health. They may clean up polluted areas, advise policymakers, or work with industry to reduce waste.
Geoscientists study the physical aspects of the Earth, such as its composition, structure, and processes, to learn about its past, present, and future.
Hydrologists study how water moves across and through the Earth’s crust. They use their expertise to solve problems in the areas of water quality or availability.
Survey researchers design and conduct surveys and analyze data. Surveys are used to collect factual data, such as employment and salary information, or to ask questions in order to understand people’s opinions, preferences, beliefs, or desires.
Psychologists study cognitive, emotional, and social processes and behavior by observing, interpreting, and recording how individuals relate to one another and to their environments. They use their findings to help improve processes and behaviors.
Sociologists study society and social behavior by examining the groups, cultures, organizations, social institutions, and processes that develop when people interact and work together.
Urban and Regional Planners.
Urban and regional planners develop land use plans and programs that help create communities, accommodate population growth, and revitalize physical facilities in towns, cities, counties, and metropolitan areas.
Anthropologists and Archeologists.
Anthropologists and archeologists study the origin, development, and behavior of humans. They examine the cultures, languages, archeological remains, and physical characteristics of people in various parts of the world.
Political scientists study the origin, development, and operation of political systems. They research political ideas and analyze governments, policies, political trends, and related issues.
Biological technicians help biological and medical scientists conduct laboratory tests and experiments.
Chemical technicians use special instruments and techniques to help chemists and chemical engineers research, develop, produce, and test chemical products and processes.
Geological and Petroleum Technicians.
Geological and petroleum technicians provide support to scientists and engineers in exploring and extracting natural resources, such as minerals, oil, and natural gas.
Nuclear technicians assist physicists, engineers, and other professionals in nuclear research and nuclear energy production. They operate special equipment and monitor the levels of radiation that are produced.
Environmental Science and Protection Technicians.
Environmental science and protection technicians monitor the environment and investigate sources of pollution and contamination, including those affecting public health.
Forensic Science Technicians.
Forensic science technicians aid criminal investigations by collecting and analyzing evidence. Many technicians specialize in various types of laboratory analysis.
Substance Abuse, Behavioral Disorder, and Mental Health Counselors.
Substance abuse, behavioral disorder, and mental health counselors advise people who suffer from alcoholism, drug addiction, eating disorders, mental health issues, or other mental or behavioral problems. They provide treatment and support to help clients recover from addiction or modify problem behaviors.
School and Career Counselors.
School counselors help students develop the academic and social skills needed to succeed in school. Career counselors help people choose careers and follow a path to employment.
Marriage and Family Therapists.
Marriage and family therapists help people manage and overcome problems with family and other relationships.
Rehabilitation counselors help people with physical, mental, developmental, or emotional disabilities live independently. They work with clients to overcome or manage the personal, social, or psychological effects of disabilities on employment or independent living.
Social workers help people solve and cope with problems in their everyday lives. Clinical social workers also diagnose and treat mental, behavioral, and emotional issues.
Probation Officers and Correctional Treatment Specialists.
Probation officers and correctional treatment specialists provide social services to assist in rehabilitation of law offenders in custody or on probation or parole.
Social and Human Service Assistants.
Social and human service assistants provide client services, including support for families, in a wide variety of fields, such as psychology, rehabilitation, and social work. They assist other workers, such as social workers, and they help clients find benefits or community services.
Lawyers advise and represent individuals, businesses, and government agencies on legal issues and disputes.
Paralegals and Legal Assistants.
Paralegals and legal assistants perform a variety of tasks to support lawyers, including maintaining and organizing files, conducting legal research, and drafting documents.
Postsecondary teachers instruct students in a wide variety of academic and technical subjects beyond the high school level. They may also conduct research and publish scholarly papers and books.
Preschool teachers educate and care for children younger than age 5 who have not yet entered kindergarten. They teach language, motor, and social skills to young children.
Kindergarten and Elementary School Teachers.
Kindergarten and elementary school teachers instruct young students in basic subjects, such as math and reading, in order to prepare them for future schooling.
Middle School Teachers.
Middle school teachers educate students, typically in sixth through eighth grades. They help students build on the fundamentals they learned in elementary school and prepare them for the more difficult curriculum they will face in high school.
Career and Technical Education Teachers.
Career and technical education teachers instruct students in various technical and vocational subjects, such as auto repair, healthcare, and culinary arts. They teach academic and technical content to provide students with the skills and knowledge necessary to enter an occupation.
Special Education Teachers.
Special education teachers work with students who have a wide range of learning, mental, emotional, and physical disabilities. They adapt general education lessons and teach various subjects, such as reading, writing, and math, to students with mild and moderate disabilities. They also teach basic skills, such as literacy and communication techniques, to students with severe disabilities.
Adult Literacy and High School Equivalency Diploma Teachers.
Adult literacy and high school equivalency diploma teachers instruct adults in basic skills, such as reading, writing, and speaking English. They also help students earn their high school equivalent diploma.
Archivists, Curators, and Museum Workers.
Archivists appraise, process, catalog, and preserve permanent records and historically valuable documents. Curators oversee collections of artwork and historic items, and may conduct public service activities for an institution. Museum technicians and conservators prepare and restore objects and documents in museum collections and exhibits.
Librarians help people find information and conduct research for personal and professional use. Their job duties may change based on the type of library they work in, such as public, academic, and medical libraries.
Library Technicians and Assistants.
Library technicians and assistants help librarians with all aspects of running a library. They assist patrons, organize library materials and information, and perform clerical and administrative tasks.
Instructional coordinators oversee school curriculums and teaching standards. They develop instructional material, coordinate its implementation with teachers and principals, and assess its effectiveness.
Teacher assistants work under a teacher’s supervision to give students additional attention and instruction.
Art directors are responsible for the visual style and images in magazines, newspapers, product packaging, and movie and television productions. They create the overall design of a project and direct others who develop artwork and layouts.
Multimedia Artists and Animators.
Multimedia artists and animators create animation and visual effects for television, movies, video games, and other forms of media.
Industrial designers develop the concepts for manufactured products, such as cars, home appliances, and toys. They combine art, business, and engineering to make products that people use every day. Industrial designers consider the function, aesthetics, production costs, and usability of products when developing new product concepts.
Fashion designers create original clothing, accessories, and footwear. They sketch designs, select fabrics and patterns, and give instructions on how to make the products they design.
Floral designers, also called florists, cut and arrange live, dried, and silk flowers and greenery to make decorative displays. They also help customers select flowers, containers, ribbons, and other accessories.
Graphic designers create visual concepts, using computer software or by hand, to communicate ideas that inspire, inform, and captivate consumers. They develop the overall layout and production design for various applications such as advertisements, brochures, magazines, and corporate reports.
Interior designers make interior spaces functional, safe, and beautiful by determining space requirements and selecting decorative items, such as colors, lighting, and materials. They read blueprints and must be aware of building codes and inspection regulations, as well as universal accessibility standards.
Actors express ideas and portray characters in theater, film, television, and other performing arts media. They interpret a writer’s script to entertain or inform an audience.
Producers and Directors.
Producers and directors create motion pictures, television shows, live theater, commercials, and other performing arts productions. They interpret a writer’s script to entertain or inform an audience.
Athletes and Sports Competitors.
Athletes and sports competitors participate in organized, officiated sporting events to entertain spectators.
Coaches and Scouts.
Coaches teach amateur or professional athletes the skills they need to succeed at their sport. Scouts look for new players and evaluate their skills and likelihood for success at the college, amateur, or professional level. Many coaches also are involved in scouting.
Umpires, Referees, and Other Sports Officials.
Umpires, referees, and other sports officials preside over competitive athletic or sporting events to help maintain standards of play. They detect infractions and decide penalties according to the rules of the game.
Dancers and Choreographers.
Dancers and choreographers use dance performances to express ideas and stories. There are many types of dance, such as ballet, tango, modern dance, tap, and jazz.
Music Directors and Composers.
Music directors, also called conductors, lead orchestras and other musical groups during performances and recording sessions. Composers write and arrange original music in a variety of musical styles.
Musicians and Singers.
Musicians and singers play instruments or sing for live audiences and in recording studios.
Announcers present music, news, and sports and may provide commentary or interview guests about these or other important topics. Some act as masters of ceremonies (emcees) or disc jockeys (DJs) at weddings, parties, or clubs.
Reporters, Correspondents, and Broadcast News Analysts.
Reporters, correspondents, and broadcast news analysts inform the public about news and events happening internationally, nationally, and locally. They report the news for newspapers, magazines, websites, television, and radio.
Editors plan, review, and revise content for publication.
Technical writers, also called technical communicators, prepare instruction manuals, how-to guides, journal articles, and other supporting documents to communicate complex and technical information more easily. They also develop, gather, and disseminate technical information through an organization’s communications channels.
Writers and Authors.
Writers and authors develop written content for various types of media, including advertisements; الكتب. magazines; movie, play, and television scripts; and blogs.
Interpreters and Translators.
Interpreters and translators convert information from one language into another language. Interpreters work in spoken or sign language; translators work in written language.
Broadcast and Sound Engineering Technicians.
Broadcast and sound engineering technicians set up, operate, and maintain the electrical equipment for radio programs, television broadcasts, concerts, sound recordings, and movies.
Photographers use their technical expertise, creativity, and composition skills to produce and preserve images that tell a story or record an event.
Film and Video Editors and Camera Operators.
Film and video editors and camera operators manipulate moving images that entertain or inform an audience.
Chiropractors treat patients with health problems of the neuromusculoskeletal system, which includes nerves, bones, muscles, ligaments, and tendons. They use spinal adjustments and manipulation, as well as other clinical interventions, to manage patients’ health concerns, such as back and neck pain.
Dentists diagnose and treat problems with patients’ teeth, gums, and related parts of the mouth. They provide advice and instruction on taking care of the teeth and gums and on diet choices that affect oral health.
Optometrists examine the eyes and other parts of the visual system. They also diagnose and treat visual problems and manage diseases, injuries, and other disorders of the eyes. They prescribe eyeglasses or contact lenses as needed.
Pharmacists dispense prescription medications to patients and offer expertise in the safe use of prescriptions. They also may conduct health and wellness screenings, provide immunizations, oversee the medications given to patients, and provide advice on healthy lifestyles.
Physicians and Surgeons.
Physicians and surgeons diagnose and treat injuries or illnesses. Physicians examine patients; take medical histories; prescribe medications; and order, perform, and interpret diagnostic tests. They counsel patients on diet, hygiene, and preventive healthcare. Surgeons operate on patients to treat injuries, such as broken bones; diseases, such as cancerous tumors; and deformities, such as cleft palates.
Physician assistants, also known as PAs, practice medicine on teams with physicians, surgeons, and other healthcare workers. They examine, diagnose, and treat patients.
Podiatrists provide medical and surgical care for people with foot, ankle, and lower leg problems. They diagnose illnesses, treat injuries, and perform surgery involving the lower extremities.
Registered nurses (RNs) provide and coordinate patient care, educate patients and the public about various health conditions, and provide advice and emotional support to patients and their family members.
Occupational therapists treat injured, ill, or disabled patients through the therapeutic use of everyday activities. They help these patients develop, recover, improve, as well as maintain the skills needed for daily living and working.
Physical therapists, sometimes called PTs, help injured or ill people improve their movement and manage their pain. These therapists are often an important part of the rehabilitation, treatment, and prevention of patients with chronic conditions, illnesses, or injuries.
Radiation therapists treat cancer and other diseases in patients by administering radiation treatments.
Recreational therapists plan, direct, and coordinate recreation-based treatment programs for people with disabilities, injuries, or illnesses. These therapists use a variety of modalities, including arts and crafts; drama, music, and dance; sports and games; aquatics; and community outings to help maintain or improve a patient’s physical, social, and emotional well-being.
Respiratory therapists care for patients who have trouble breathing—for example, from a chronic respiratory disease, such as asthma or emphysema. Their patients range from premature infants with undeveloped lungs to elderly patients who have diseased lungs. They also provide emergency care to patients suffering from heart attacks, drowning, or shock.
Speech-language pathologists (sometimes called speech therapists) assess, diagnose, treat, and help to prevent communication and swallowing disorders in children and adults. Speech, language, and swallowing disorders result from a variety of causes, such as a stroke, brain injury, hearing loss, developmental delay, Parkinson’s disease, a cleft palate, or autism.
Veterinarians care for the health of animals and work to improve public health. They diagnose, treat, and research medical conditions and diseases of pets, livestock, and other animals.
Medical and Clinical Laboratory Technologists and Technicians.
ويقوم تقنيو المختبرات الطبية (المعروفون بعلماء المختبرات الطبية) وفنيي المختبرات الطبية بجمع العينات وإجراء اختبارات لتحليل سوائل الجسم والأنسجة ومواد أخرى.
Dental hygienists clean teeth, examine patients for signs of oral diseases such as gingivitis, and provide other preventive dental care. They also educate patients on ways to improve and maintain good oral health.
Diagnostic Medical Sonographers and Cardiovascular Technologists and Technicians, Including Vascular Technologists.
Diagnostic medical sonographers and cardiovascular technologists and technicians, including vascular technologists, also called diagnostic imaging workers, operate special imaging equipment to create images or to conduct tests. The images and test results help physicians assess and diagnose medical conditions.
Nuclear Medicine Technologists.
Nuclear medicine technologists prepare radioactive drugs and administer them to patients for imaging or therapeutic purposes.
Radiologic and MRI Technologists.
Radiologic technologists, also known as radiographers, perform diagnostic imaging examinations, such as x rays, on patients. MRI technologists operate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanners to create diagnostic images.
EMTs and Paramedics.
Emergency medical technicians (EMTs) and paramedics care for the sick or injured in emergency medical settings. People’s lives often depend on the quick reaction and competent care provided by these workers. EMTs and paramedics respond to emergency calls, performing medical services and transporting patients to medical facilities.
Pharmacy technicians help pharmacists dispense prescription medication to customers or health professionals.
Surgical technologists, also called operating room technicians, assist in surgical operations. They prepare operating rooms, arrange equipment, and help doctors during surgeries.
Veterinary Technologists and Technicians.
Veterinary technologists and technicians perform medical tests under the supervision of a licensed veterinarian to assist in diagnosing the injuries and illnesses of animals.
Licensed Practical and Licensed Vocational Nurses.
Licensed practical nurses (LPNs) and licensed vocational nurses (LVNs) provide basic nursing care. They work under the direction of registered nurses and doctors.
Medical Records and Health Information Technicians.
Medical records and health information technicians, commonly referred to as health information technicians, organize and manage health information data. They ensure its quality, accuracy, accessibility, and security in both paper and electronic systems. They use various classification systems to code and categorize patient information for insurance reimbursement purposes, for databases and registries, and to maintain patients’ medical and treatment histories.
Opticians help fit eyeglasses and contact lenses, following prescriptions from ophthalmologists and optometrists. They also help customers decide which eyeglass frames or contact lenses to buy.
Occupational Health and Safety Specialists and Technicians.
Occupational health and safety specialists and technicians collect data on and analyze many types of work environments and work procedures. Specialists inspect workplaces for adherence to regulations on safety, health, and the environment. Technicians work with specialists in conducting tests and measuring hazards to help prevent harm to workers, property, the environment, and the general public.
Athletic trainers specialize in preventing, diagnosing, and treating muscle and bone injuries and illnesses.
Home Health Aides and Personal Care Aides.
Home health aides and personal care aides help people with disabilities, chronic illnesses, or cognitive impairment by assisting in their daily living activities. They often help older adults who need assistance. In some states, home health aides may be able to give a client medication or check the client’s vital signs under the direction of a nurse or other healthcare practitioner.
Nursing Assistants and Orderlies.
Nursing assistants, sometimes called nursing aides, help provide basic care for patients in hospitals and residents of long-term care facilities, such as nursing homes. Orderlies transport patients and clean treatment areas.
Psychiatric Technicians and Aides.
Psychiatric technicians and aides care for people who have mental illness and developmental disabilities. Technicians typically provide therapeutic care and monitor their patients’ conditions. Aides help patients in their daily activities and ensure a safe, clean environment.
Occupational Therapy Assistants and Aides.
Occupational therapy assistants and aides help patients develop, recover, improve, as well as maintain the skills needed for daily living and working. Occupational therapy assistants are directly involved in providing therapy to patients; occupational therapy aides typically perform support activities. Both assistants and aides work under the direction of occupational therapists.
Physical Therapist Assistants and Aides.
Physical therapist assistants, sometimes called PTAs, and physical therapist aides work under the direction and supervision of physical therapists. They help patients who are recovering from injuries and illnesses regain movement and manage pain.
Massage therapists treat clients by using touch to manipulate the muscles and other soft tissues of the body. With their touch, therapists relieve pain, help heal injuries, improve circulation, relieve stress, increase relaxation, and aid in the general wellness of clients.
Dental assistants perform many tasks, ranging from providing patient care and taking x rays to recordkeeping and scheduling appointments. Their duties vary by state and by the dentists’ offices where they work.
Medical assistants complete administrative and clinical tasks in the offices of physicians, hospitals, and other healthcare facilities. Their duties vary with the location, specialty, and size of the practice.
Medical transcriptionists, sometimes referred to as healthcare documentation specialists, listen to voice recordings that physicians and other healthcare workers make and convert them into written reports. They also may review and edit medical documents created using speech recognition technology. Transcriptionists interpret medical terminology and abbreviations in preparing patients’ medical histories, discharge summaries, and other documents.
Firefighters control and put out fires and respond to emergencies where life, property, or the environment is at risk.
Correctional Officers and Bailiffs.
Correctional officers are responsible for overseeing individuals who have been arrested and are awaiting trial or who have been sentenced to serve time in jail or prison. Bailiffs are law enforcement officers who maintain safety and order in courtrooms.
Police and Detectives.
Police officers protect lives and property. Detectives and criminal investigators, who are sometimes called agents or special agents, gather facts and collect evidence of possible crimes.
Private Detectives and Investigators.
Private detectives and investigators search for information about legal, financial, and personal matters. They offer many services, such as verifying people’s backgrounds and statements, finding missing persons, and investigating computer crimes.
Security Guards and Gaming Surveillance Officers.
Security guards and gaming surveillance officers patrol and protect property against theft, vandalism, and other illegal activity.
Chefs and Head Cooks.
Chefs and head cooks oversee the daily food preparation at restaurants and other places where food is served. They direct kitchen staff and handle any food-related concerns.
Cooks prepare, season, and cook a wide range of foods, which may include soups, salads, entrees, and desserts.
Food Preparation Workers.
Food preparation workers perform many routine tasks under the direction of cooks, chefs, or food service managers. Food preparation workers prepare cold foods, slice meat, peel and cut vegetables, brew coffee or tea, and perform many other food service tasks.
Bartenders mix drinks and serve them directly to customers or through wait staff.
Food and Beverage Serving and Related Workers.
Food and beverage serving and related workers perform a variety of customer service, food preparation, and cleaning duties in restaurants, cafeterias, and other eating and drinking establishments.
Waiters and Waitresses.
Waiters and waitresses take orders and serve food and beverages to customers in dining establishments.
Janitors and Building Cleaners.
Janitors and building cleaners keep many types of buildings clean, orderly, and in good condition.
Pest Control Workers.
Pest control workers remove unwanted pests, such as roaches, rats, ants, bedbugs, mosquitoes, ticks and termites that infest buildings and surrounding areas.
Grounds Maintenance Workers.
Grounds maintenance workers ensure that the grounds of houses, businesses, and parks are attractive, orderly, and healthy in order to provide a pleasant outdoor environment.
Animal Care and Service Workers.
Animal care and service workers provide care for animals. They feed, groom, bathe, and exercise pets and other nonfarm animals.
Gaming Services Workers.
Gaming services workers serve customers in gambling establishments, such as casinos or racetracks. Some workers tend slot machines, deal cards, or oversee other gaming activities such as keno or bingo. Others take bets or pay out winnings. Still others supervise or manage gaming workers and operations.
Barbers, Hairstylists, and Cosmetologists.
Barbers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists provide haircutting, hairstyling, and a range of other beauty services.
Manicurists and Pedicurists.
Manicurists and pedicurists clean, shape, and beautify fingernails and toenails.
Skincare specialists cleanse and beautify the face and body to enhance a person’s appearance.
Flight attendants provide routine services and respond to emergencies to ensure the safety and comfort of airline passengers while aboard planes.
Childcare workers attend to the basic needs of children, such as dressing, bathing, feeding, and overseeing play. They may help younger children prepare for kindergarten or assist older children with homework.
Fitness Trainers and Instructors.
Fitness trainers and instructors lead, instruct, and motivate individuals or groups in exercise activities, including cardiovascular exercises (exercises for the heart and blood circulation), strength training, and stretching. They work with people of all ages and skill levels.
Recreation workers design and lead activities to help people stay active, improve fitness, and have fun. They work with groups in summer camps, fitness and recreational sports centers, nursing care facilities, nature parks, and other settings. They may lead such activities as arts and crafts, sports, music, dramatics, or games.
Cashiers process payments from customers purchasing goods and services.
Retail Sales Workers.
Retail sales workers help customers find products they want and process customers’ payments. There are two types of retail sales workers: retail salespersons, who sell retail merchandise, such as clothing, furniture, and automobiles; and parts salespersons, who sell spare and replacement parts and equipment, especially car parts.
Advertising Sales Agents.
Advertising sales agents sell advertising space to businesses and individuals. They contact potential clients, make sales presentations, and maintain client accounts.
Insurance Sales Agents.
Insurance sales agents contact potential customers and sell one or more types of insurance. Insurance sales agents explain various insurance policies and help clients choose plans that suit them.
Wholesale and Manufacturing Sales Representatives.
Wholesale and manufacturing sales representatives sell goods for wholesalers or manufacturers to businesses, government agencies, and other organizations. They contact customers, explain the features of the products they are selling, negotiate prices, and answer any questions that their customers may have about the products.
Models pose for artists, customers, or photographers to help advertise a variety of products, including clothing, cosmetics, food, and appliances.
Real Estate Brokers and Sales Agents.
Real estate brokers and sales agents help clients buy, sell, and rent properties. Although brokers and agents do similar work, brokers are licensed to manage their own real estate businesses. Sales agents must work with a real estate broker.
Sales engineers sell complex scientific and technological products or services to businesses. They must have extensive knowledge of the products’ parts and functions and must understand the scientific processes that make these products work.
Bill and Account Collectors.
Bill and account collectors try to recover payment on overdue bills. They negotiate repayment plans with debtors and help them find solutions to make paying their overdue bills easier.
Bookkeeping, Accounting, and Auditing Clerks.
Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks produce financial records for organizations. They record financial transactions, update statements, and check financial records for accuracy.
يتحمل القائمون بالمسؤولية مسؤولية معالجة المعاملات الروتينية بدقة في أحد البنوك. وتشمل هذه المعاملات الشيكات النقدية، وإيداع الأموال، وجمع مدفوعات القروض.
ممثلي خدمة العملاء.
Customer service representatives interact with customers to handle complaints, process orders, and provide information about an organization’s products and services.
Receptionists perform administrative tasks, such as answering phones, receiving visitors, and providing general information about their organization to the public and customers.
Police, Fire, and Ambulance Dispatchers.
Police, fire, and ambulance dispatchers, also called public safety telecommunicators, answer emergency and nonemergency calls.
Postal Service Workers.
Postal service workers sell postal products and collect, sort, and deliver mail.
Secretaries and Administrative Assistants.
Secretaries and administrative assistants perform routine clerical and administrative duties. They organize files, prepare documents, schedule appointments, and support other staff.
Desktop publishers use computer software to design page layouts for newspapers, books, brochures, and other items that are printed or published online.
Agricultural workers maintain crops and tend to livestock. They perform physical labor and operate machinery under the supervision of farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers.
Fishing and Hunting Workers.
Fishing and hunting workers catch and trap various types of animal life. The fish and wild animals they catch are for human food, animal feed, bait, and other uses.
Masonry workers, also known as masons, use bricks, concrete blocks, concrete, and natural and manmade stones to build walls, walkways, fences, and other masonry structures.
Carpenters construct, repair, and install building frameworks and structures made from wood and other materials.
Flooring Installers and Tile and Marble Setters.
Flooring installers and tile and marble setters lay and finish carpet, wood, vinyl, and tile.
Construction Laborers and Helpers.
Construction laborers and helpers perform many tasks that require physical labor on construction sites.
Construction Equipment Operators.
Construction equipment operators drive, maneuver, or control the heavy machinery used to construct roads, bridges, buildings, and other structures.
Drywall and Ceiling Tile Installers, and Tapers.
Drywall and ceiling tile installers hang wallboard and install ceiling tile inside buildings. Tapers prepare the wallboard for painting, using tape and other materials. Many workers both install and tape wallboard.
Glaziers install glass in windows, skylights, and other fixtures in storefronts and buildings.
Construction and Maintenance Painters.
Painters apply paint, stain, and coatings to walls and ceilings, buildings, bridges, and other structures.
Plumbers, Pipefitters, and Steamfitters.
Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters install and repair pipes that carry liquids or gases to, from, and within businesses, homes, and factories.
Roofers replace, repair, and install the roofs of buildings, using a variety of materials, including shingles, bitumen, and metal.
Ironworkers install structural and reinforcing iron and steel to form and support buildings, bridges, and roads.
Construction and Building Inspectors.
Construction and building inspectors ensure that construction meets local and national building codes and ordinances, zoning regulations, and contract specifications.
Elevator Installers and Repairers.
Elevator installers and repairers install, fix, and maintain elevators, escalators, moving walkways, and other lifts.
Hazardous Materials Removal Workers.
Hazardous materials (hazmat) removal workers identify and dispose of asbestos, lead, radioactive waste, and other hazardous materials. They also neutralize and clean up materials that are flammable, corrosive, or toxic.
Automotive Body and Glass Repairers.
Automotive body and glass repairers restore, refinish, and replace vehicle bodies and frames, windshields, and window glass.
Automotive Service Technicians and Mechanics.
Automotive service technicians and mechanics, often called service technicians or service techs, inspect, maintain, and repair cars and light trucks.
Diesel Service Technicians and Mechanics.
Diesel service technicians (also known as diesel technicians) and mechanics inspect, repair, and overhaul buses and trucks, or maintain and repair any type of diesel engine.
Small Engine Mechanics.
Small engine mechanics inspect, service, and repair motorized power equipment. Mechanics often specialize in one type of equipment, such as motorcycles, motorboats, or outdoor power equipment.
General Maintenance and Repair Workers.
General maintenance and repair workers fix and maintain machines, mechanical equipment, and buildings. They paint, repair flooring, and work on plumbing, electrical, and air-conditioning and heating systems, among other tasks.
Line Installers and Repairers.
Line installers and repairers, also known as line workers, install or repair electrical power systems and telecommunications cables, including fiber optics.
Medical Equipment Repairers.
Medical equipment repairers install, maintain, and repair patient care equipment.
Assemblers and Fabricators.
Assemblers and fabricators assemble finished products and the parts that go into them. They use tools, machines, and their hands to make engines, computers, aircraft, ships, boats, toys, electronic devices, control panels, and more.
Bakers mix ingredients according to recipes in order to make breads, pastries, and other baked goods.
Metal and Plastic Machine Workers.
Metal and plastic machine workers set up and operate machines that cut, shape, and form metal and plastic materials or pieces.
Machinists and Tool and Die Makers.
Machinists and tool and die makers set up and operate a variety of computer-controlled and mechanically controlled machine tools to produce precision metal parts, instruments, and tools.
Welders, Cutters, Solderers, and Brazers.
Welders, cutters, solderers, and brazers use hand-held or remotely controlled equipment to join or cut metal parts. They also fill holes, indentations, or seams in metal products.
Woodworkers manufacture a variety of products such as cabinets and furniture, using wood, veneers, and laminates. They often combine and incorporate different materials into wood.
Stationary Engineers and Boiler Operators.
Stationary engineers and boiler operators control stationary engines, boilers, or other mechanical equipment to provide utilities for buildings or for industrial purposes.
Quality Control Inspectors.
Quality control inspectors examine products and materials for defects or deviations from specifications.
Jewelers and Precious Stone and Metal Workers.
Jewelers and precious stone and metal workers design, construct, adjust, repair, appraise and sell jewelry.
Dental and Ophthalmic Laboratory Technicians and Medical Appliance Technicians.
Dental and ophthalmic laboratory technicians and medical appliance technicians construct, fit, or repair medical appliances and devices, including dentures, eyeglasses, and prosthetics.
Airline and Commercial Pilots.
Airline and commercial pilots fly and navigate airplanes, helicopters, and other aircraft.
Air Traffic Controllers.
Air traffic controllers coordinate the movement of aircraft to maintain safe distances between them.
Bus drivers transport people between various places—including work, school, and shopping centers—and across state or national borders. Some drive regular routes, and others transport passengers on chartered trips or sightseeing tours.
Heavy and Tractor-trailer Truck Drivers.
Heavy and tractor-trailer truck drivers transport goods from one location to another. Most tractor-trailer drivers are long-haul drivers and operate trucks with a gross vehicle weight (GVW) capacity—that is, the combined weight of the vehicle, passengers, and cargo—exceeding 26,000 pounds. These drivers deliver goods over intercity routes, sometimes spanning several states.
Taxi Drivers, Ride-Hailing Drivers, and Chauffeurs.
Taxi drivers, ride-hailing drivers, and chauffeurs transport people to and from the places they need to go, such as airports, homes, shopping centers, and workplaces. These drivers must know their way around a city to take passengers to their destinations.
Workers in railroad occupations ensure that passenger and freight trains run on time and travel safely. Some workers drive trains, some coordinate the activities of the trains, and others operate signals and switches in the rail yard.
Water Transportation Workers.
Water transportation workers operate and maintain vessels that take cargo and people over water. The vessels travel to and from foreign ports across the ocean and to domestic ports along the coasts, across the Great Lakes, and along the country’s many inland waterways.
Material Moving Machine Operators.
Material moving machine operators use machinery to transport various objects. Some operators move construction materials around building sites or excavate earth from a mine. Others move goods around a warehouse or onto container ships.
Hand Laborers and Material Movers.
Hand laborers and material movers manually move freight, stock, or other materials. Some of these workers may feed or remove material to and from machines, clean vehicles, pick up unwanted household goods, and pack materials for moving.
Purchasing Managers, Buyers, and Purchasing Agents.
Buyers and purchasing agents buy products and services for organizations to use or resell. Purchasing managers oversee the work of buyers and purchasing agents.
Logisticians analyze and coordinate an organization’s supply chain—the system that moves a product from supplier to consumer. They manage the entire life cycle of a product, which includes how a product is acquired, allocated, and delivered.
Agricultural engineers attempt to solve agricultural problems concerning power supplies, the efficiency of machinery, the use of structures and facilities, pollution and environmental issues, and the storage and processing of agricultural products.
Health and Safety Engineers.
Health and safety engineers develop procedures and design systems to protect people from illness and injury and property from damage. They combine knowledge of engineering and of health and safety to make sure that chemicals, machinery, software, furniture, and other products will not cause harm to people or damage to property.
Aerospace Engineering and Operations Technicians.
Aerospace engineering and operations technicians operate and maintain equipment used in developing, testing, producing, and sustaining new aircraft and spacecraft. Increasingly, these workers are using computer-based modeling and simulation tools and processes in their work, as well as advanced automation and robotics.
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Technicians.
Electrical and electronics engineering technicians help engineers design and develop computers, communications equipment, medical monitoring devices, navigational equipment, and other electrical and electronic equipment. They often work in product evaluation and testing, and use measuring and diagnostic devices to adjust, test, and repair equipment. They are also involved in the manufacture and deployment of equipment for automation.
Electro-mechanical technicians combine knowledge of mechanical technology with knowledge of electrical and electronic circuits. They operate, test, and maintain unmanned, automated, robotic, or electromechanical equipment.
Conservation Scientists and Foresters.
Conservation scientists and foresters manage the overall land quality of forests, parks, rangelands, and other natural resources.
Geographers study the Earth and the distribution of its land, features, and inhabitants. They also examine political or cultural structures and study the physical and human geographic characteristics of regions ranging in scale from local to global.
Historians research, analyze, interpret, and write about the past by studying historical documents and sources.
Agricultural and Food Science Technicians.
Agricultural and food science technicians assist agricultural and food scientists by performing duties such as measuring and analyzing the quality of food and agricultural products.
Craft and Fine Artists.
Craft and fine artists use a variety of materials and techniques to create art for sale and exhibition. Craft artists create handmade objects, such as pottery, glassware, textiles, and other objects that are designed to be functional. Fine artists, including painters, sculptors, and illustrators, create original works of art for their aesthetic value, rather than for a functional one.
Orthotists and Prosthetists.
Orthotists and prosthetists design and fabricate medical supportive devices and measure and fit patients for them. These devices include artificial limbs (arms, hands, legs, and feet), braces, and other medical or surgical devices.
Fire inspectors examine buildings in order to detect fire hazards and ensure that federal, state, and local fire codes are met. Fire investigators, another type of worker in this field, determine the origin and cause of fires and explosions. Forest fire inspectors and prevention specialists assess outdoor fire hazards in public and residential areas.
Financial clerks do administrative work for many types of organizations. They keep records, help customers, and carry out financial transactions.
Information clerks perform routine clerical duties such as maintaining records, collecting data, and providing information to customers.
Material Recording Clerks.
Material recording clerks track product information in order to keep businesses and supply chains on schedule. They ensure proper scheduling, recordkeeping, and inventory control.
General Office Clerks.
General office clerks perform a variety of clerical tasks, including answering telephones, typing documents, and filing records.
Forest and Conservation Workers.
Forest and conservation workers measure and improve the quality of forests. Under the supervision of foresters and forest and conservation technicians, they develop, maintain, and protect forests.
Logging workers harvest thousands of acres of forests each year. The timber they harvest provides the raw material for many consumer goods and industrial products.
Boilermakers assemble, install, maintain, and repair boilers, closed vats, and other large vessels or containers that hold liquids and gases.
Sheet Metal Workers.
Sheet metal workers fabricate or install products that are made from thin metal sheets, such as ducts used in heating and air conditioning systems.
Food and Tobacco Processing Workers.
Food and tobacco processing workers operate equipment that mixes, cooks, or processes ingredients used in the manufacture of food and tobacco products.
Painting and Coating Workers.
Painting and coating workers paint and coat a wide range of products, including cars, jewelry, and ceramics, often with the use of machines.
High School Teachers.
High school teachers help prepare students for life after graduation. They teach academic lessons and various skills that students will need to attend college and to enter the job market.
Veterinary Assistants and Laboratory Animal Caretakers.
Veterinary assistants and laboratory animal caretakers care for animals by performing routine tasks under the supervision of scientists, veterinarians, and veterinary technologists and technicians.
Securities, Commodities, and Financial Services Sales Agents.
Securities, commodities, and financial services sales agents connect buyers and sellers in financial markets. They sell securities to individuals, advise companies in search of investors, and conduct trades.
Telecommunications Equipment Installers and Repairers.
Telecommunications equipment installers and repairers, also known as telecom technicians, set up and maintain devices that carry communications signals, such as telephone lines and Internet routers.
Aircraft and Avionics Equipment Mechanics and Technicians.
Aircraft and avionics equipment mechanics and technicians repair and perform scheduled maintenance on aircraft.
Heavy Vehicle and Mobile Equipment Service Technicians.
Heavy vehicle and mobile equipment service technicians, also called mechanics, inspect, maintain, and repair vehicles and machinery used in construction, farming, rail transportation, and other industries.
Heating, Air Conditioning, and Refrigeration Mechanics and Installers.
Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers—often called heating, ventilation, air conditioning, and refrigeration (HVACR) technicians—work on heating, ventilation, cooling, and refrigeration systems that control the temperature and air quality in buildings.
Industrial Machinery Mechanics, Machinery Maintenance Workers, and Millwrights.
Industrial machinery mechanics and maintenance workers maintain and repair factory equipment and other industrial machinery, such as conveying systems, production machinery, and packaging equipment. Millwrights install, dismantle, repair, reassemble, and move machinery in factories, power plants, and construction sites.
Power Plant Operators, Distributors, and Dispatchers.
Power plant operators, distributors, and dispatchers control the systems that generate and distribute electric power.
Water and Wastewater Treatment Plant and System Operators.
Water and wastewater treatment plant and system operators manage a system of machines, often through the use of control boards, to transfer or treat water or wastewater.
Electrical and Electronics Installers and Repairers.
Electrical and electronics installers and repairers install or repair a variety of electrical equipment in telecommunications, transportation, utilities, and other industries.
Delivery Truck Drivers and Driver/Sales Workers.
Delivery truck drivers and driver/sales workers pick up, transport, and drop off packages and small shipments within a local region or urban area. They drive trucks with a gross vehicle weight (GVW)—the combined weight of the vehicle, passengers, and cargo—of 26,000 pounds or less. Most of the time, delivery truck drivers transport merchandise from a distribution center to businesses and households.
Members of the Armed Forces.
Members of the U. S. military service train for and perform a variety of tasks in order to maintain the U. S. national defense. Servicemembers work in occupations specific to the military, such as fighter pilots or infantrymen. Many other members work in occupations that are equivalent to civilian occupations, such as nurses, doctors, and lawyers.
Compensation, Benefits, and Job Analysis Specialists.
Compensation, benefits, and job analysis specialists conduct an organization’s compensation and benefits programs. They also evaluate position descriptions to determine details such as classification and salary.
Fundraisers organize events and campaigns to raise money and other kinds of donations for an organization. They also may design promotional materials and increase awareness of an organization’s work, goals, and financial needs.
Training and Development Specialists.
Training and development specialists help plan, conduct, and administer programs that train employees and improve their skills and knowledge.
مهندسون شبكة الكمبيوتر.
ويقوم مهندسو شبكات الكمبيوتر بتصميم وبناء شبكات اتصالات البيانات، بما في ذلك شبكات المناطق المحلية وشبكات المنطقة الواسعة والشبكة الداخلية. وتتراوح هذه الشبكات من وصلات صغيرة بين مكتبين إلى قدرات الجيل التالي من الشبكات مثل البنية التحتية السحابية التي تخدم عملاء متعددين.
محللون أمن المعلومات.
يخطط محللو أمن المعلومات وينفذون إجراءات أمنية لحماية شبكات وأنظمة الكمبيوتر في المنظمة. Their responsibilities are continually expanding as the number of cyberattacks increases.
Web developers design and create websites. وهم مسؤولون عن مظهر الموقع. كما أنها مسؤولة عن الجوانب الفنية للموقع، مثل أدائها وقدرتها، وهي مقاييس لسرعة موقع الويب ومقدار حركة المرور التي يمكن للموقع التعامل معها. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، يمكن لمطوري الويب إنشاء محتوى للموقع.
Solar Photovoltaic Installers.
Solar photovoltaic (PV) installers, also known as PV installers, assemble, install, and maintain solar panel systems on rooftops or other structures.
Genetic counselors assess individual or family risk for a variety of inherited conditions, such as genetic disorders and birth defects. They provide information and support to other healthcare providers, or to individuals and families concerned with the risk of inherited conditions.
Nurse Anesthetists, Nurse Midwives, and Nurse Practitioners.
Nurse anesthetists, nurse midwives, and nurse practitioners, also referred to as advanced practice registered nurses (APRNs), coordinate patient care and may provide primary and specialty healthcare. The scope of practice varies from state to state.
Phlebotomists draw blood for tests, transfusions, research, or blood donations. Some explain their work to patients and provide assistance when patients have adverse reactions after their blood is drawn.
Wind Turbine Technicians.
Wind turbine service technicians, also known as windtechs, install, maintain, and repair wind turbines.
Arbitrators, Mediators, and Conciliators.
Arbitrators, mediators, and conciliators facilitate negotiation and dialogue between disputing parties to help resolve conflicts outside of the court system.
Emergency Management Directors.
Emergency management directors prepare plans and procedures for responding to natural disasters or other emergencies. They also help lead the response during and after emergencies, often in coordination with public safety officials, elected officials, nonprofit organizations, and government agencies.
Public Relations and Fundraising Managers.
Public relations managers plan and direct the creation of material that will maintain or enhance the public image of their employer or client. Fundraising managers coordinate campaigns that bring in donations for their organization.
Public Relations Specialists.
Public relations specialists create and maintain a favorable public image for the organization they represent. They craft media releases and develop social media programs to shape public perception of their organization and to increase awareness of its work and goals.
Butchers cut, trim, and package meat for retail sale.
Judges and Hearing Officers.
Judges and hearing officers apply the law by overseeing the legal process in courts. They also conduct pretrial hearings, resolve administrative disputes, facilitate negotiations between opposing parties, and issue legal decisions.
Insulation workers, also called insulators, install and replace the materials used to insulate buildings and their mechanical systems.
Labor Relations Specialists.
Labor relations specialists interpret and administer labor contracts regarding issues such as wages and salaries, healthcare, pensions, and union and management practices.
Exercise physiologists develop fitness and exercise programs that help patients recover from chronic diseases and improve cardiovascular function, body composition, and flexibility.
Registered nurses (RNs) provide and coordinate patient care, educate patients and the public about various health conditions, and provide advice and emotional support to patients and their family members.